{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T06:48:03Z","timestamp":1777877283140,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]],"date-time":"2023-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686009600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Research regarding the physical needs of professional golf players is lacking. With advances in wearable technology, it has become easier to analyze physiological responses such as heart rate (HR) to determine activity energy expenditure (AEE). The purpose of the study was to evaluate exercise intensity (EI) and AEE during 4 consecutive tournament\u2019s golf rounds using a popular wrist-based HR monitoring.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Wearable systems for HR monitoring can be used to provide an accurate estimate of energy expenditure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of Evidence:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Level 3.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 20 male professional golfers participated in the study. Each player was monitored during an official tournament consisting of 4 rounds of 18 holes. EI and AEE were determined using HR wrist monitoring (Whoop Strap 2.0). We calculated the percentage of HR\n                      <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                      (%HR\n                      <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) and the percentage of HR\n                      <jats:sub>res<\/jats:sub>\n                      (%HR\n                      <jats:sub>res<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) and the AEE in kcal\/min using Keytel\u2019s formula.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The calculated mean %HR\n                      <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                      and %HR\n                      <jats:sub>res<\/jats:sub>\n                      for the study population were 56.4% \u00b1 1.8% and 40.5% \u00b1 2.6%, respectively. Considering American College of Sports Medicine guidelines, these average percentages correspond to a moderate EI. The average caloric expenditure was 5.4 \u00b1 0.4 kcal\/min and 1555.8 \u00b1 157.8 kcal per round considering an average golf round duration of 288.3 \u00b1 19.5 minutes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A professional player\u2019s golf round is moderate physical activity. The AEE of this activity was equal to 5.4 cal\/min, which is moderate energy consumption.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These data could help golf coaches and conditioning coaches to have a better understanding of the load placed on golfers during tournaments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/19417381231175149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]],"date-time":"2023-06-06T16:12:24Z","timestamp":1686067944000},"page":"481-486","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Exercise Intensity and Activity Energy Expenditure of Professional Golf Players in Official Competitive Setting"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Filippo","family":"Scalise","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interventional Cardiology, Heart Center, Policlinico di Monza, Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ferruccio","family":"Cavanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Sport Nutrition, Bianalisi, Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Godio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutritional Development Department, DS Medica, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Egidio P.","family":"Beretta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-19417381231175149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200333070-00004"},{"key":"bibr2-19417381231175149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200009001-00009"},{"key":"bibr3-19417381231175149","first-page":"311","volume":"2010","author":"Albinali F","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc ACM Int Conf Ubiquitous Comput"},{"issue":"6","key":"bibr4-19417381231175149","first-page":"975","volume":"30","author":"American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand","year":"1998","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr5-19417381231175149","volume":"44","author":"Bassett DR","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"bibr6-19417381231175149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21103571"},{"key":"bibr7-19417381231175149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/001401300750004005"},{"key":"bibr8-19417381231175149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03324567"},{"key":"bibr9-19417381231175149","first-page":"78","volume":"39","author":"Burkett LN","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int Sports J"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr10-19417381231175149","first-page":"51","volume":"9","author":"Crews DJ","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Sport Behav"},{"key":"bibr11-19417381231175149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.12.1.116"},{"key":"bibr12-19417381231175149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4258\/hir.2015.21.4.315"},{"key":"bibr13-19417381231175149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2000.11082782"},{"key":"bibr14-19417381231175149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.4.12.370"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr15-19417381231175149","first-page":"144","volume":"6","author":"Hierholzer K","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Sports Sci"},{"key":"bibr16-19417381231175149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2003-40701"},{"key":"bibr17-19417381231175149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2014.00005"},{"key":"bibr18-19417381231175149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2006.10599330"},{"key":"bibr19-19417381231175149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2022.2036817"},{"key":"bibr20-19417381231175149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410470001730089"},{"key":"bibr21-19417381231175149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/PHN2005800"},{"key":"bibr22-19417381231175149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19970205"},{"key":"bibr23-19417381231175149","volume-title":"The Effect of the Game of Golf on Cardiopulmonary Fitness of Middle-Aged Men","author":"Loy SF","year":"1979"},{"issue":"11","key":"bibr24-19417381231175149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-018993","volume":"7","author":"Luscombe J","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"bibr25-19417381231175149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199812010-00019"},{"key":"bibr26-19417381231175149","unstructured":"McGee A. The effect on postural balance as a result of different types of golf-specific footwear over an extended duration. A thesis submitted to the faculty of The University of Mississippi in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Sally McDonnell Barksdale Honors College. Oxford. 2017."},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr27-19417381231175149","first-page":"269","volume":"29","author":"Murase Y","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Sports Med Phys Fitness"},{"key":"bibr28-19417381231175149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2001.48"},{"key":"bibr29-19417381231175149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm7020003"},{"key":"bibr30-19417381231175149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200131060-00004"},{"key":"bibr31-19417381231175149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/11532920-000000000-00000"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr32-19417381231175149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.70252\/LMXO6754","volume":"7","author":"Solheim TJ","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Exerc Sci"},{"key":"bibr33-19417381231175149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/03091902.2015.1047536"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr34-19417381231175149","first-page":"321","volume":"39","author":"Stauch M","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Sports Med Phys Fitness"},{"key":"bibr35-19417381231175149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200009001-00005"},{"key":"bibr36-19417381231175149","first-page":"15","volume":"1","author":"Tangen JO","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"bibr37-19417381231175149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2017.2676243"},{"key":"bibr38-19417381231175149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1741826711430926"},{"key":"bibr39-19417381231175149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2016.3340"},{"key":"bibr40-19417381231175149","first-page":"48","volume":"14","author":"Yancey A","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Excellence"},{"key":"bibr41-19417381231175149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2013.764465"}],"container-title":["Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/19417381231175149","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/19417381231175149","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/19417381231175149","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T22:46:47Z","timestamp":1777589207000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/19417381231175149"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/19417381231175149"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/19417381231175149","relation":{},"ISSN":["1941-7381","1941-0921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1941-7381","type":"print"},{"value":"1941-0921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]]}}}