{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T16:27:48Z","timestamp":1793982468260,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]],"date-time":"2024-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705968000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Context:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Competitive swimmers are at high risk of overuse musculoskeletal injuries due to their high training volumes. Spine injuries are the second most common musculoskeletal injury in swimmers and are often a result of the combination of improper technique, high loads on the spine in strokes that require hyperextension, and repetitive overuse leading to fatigue of the supporting trunk muscles. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current evidence regarding swimming biomechanics, stroke techniques, and common injuries in the lumbar spine to promote a discussion on the prevention and rehabilitation of lower back injuries in competitive swimmers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Evidence Acquisition:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From a PUBMED\/MEDLINE search, 16 articles were identified for inclusion using the search terms \u201cswimming,\u201d \u201clow back\u201d or \u201clumbar,\u201d and \u201cinjury\u201d or \u201cinjuries.\u201d<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Narrative review.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of Evidence:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Levels 4 and 5.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The trunk muscles are integral to swimming stroke biomechanics. In freestyle and backstroke, the body roll generated by the paraspinal and abdominal muscles is integral to efficient stroke mechanics by allowing synergistic movements of the upper and lower extremities. In butterfly and breaststroke, the undulating wave like motion of the dolphin kick requires dynamic engagement of the core to generate repetitive flexion and extension of the spine and is a common mechanism for hyperextension injuries. The most common lower back injuries in swimming were determined to be lumbar strain, spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis, facet joint pain, and disc disease. Most overuse swimming injuries can be treated conservatively with physical therapy and training adjustments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Managing swimmers with low back pain requires a basic knowledge of swimming technique and a focus on prevention-based care. Since most swimming injuries are secondary to overuse, it is important for providers to understand the mechanisms underlying the swimming injury, including an understanding of the biomechanics involved in swimming and the role of spine involvement in the 4 strokes that assist in stabilization and force generation in the water. Knowledge of the biomechanics involved in swimming and the significant demands placed on the spinal musculoskeletal system will aid the clinician in the diagnosis and management of injuries and assist in the development of a proper rehabilitation program aimed at correction of any abnormal swimming mechanics, treatment of pain, and future injury prevention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Strength of Recommendations:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>B. Recommendation based on limited quality or inconsistent patient-oriented evidence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/19417381231225213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]],"date-time":"2024-01-23T22:10:19Z","timestamp":1706047819000},"page":"971-981","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Swimming Anatomy and Lower Back Injuries in Competitive Swimmers: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Connie","family":"Hsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Krabak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 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