{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T22:17:37Z","timestamp":1780525057651,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717372800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717372800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Context:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Olympic sport of diving involves the competitive disciplines of 3 m springboard and 10 m platform. Although it is generally accepted that lumbar spine injuries are common in diving athletes, the existing literature of health problems in diving athletes remains scarce.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To identify the incidence, prevalence, and type of health problems that occur in competitive diving athletes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data Sources:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Medline, EMBASE, SportsDiscus, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Selection:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Studies written in English investigating elite or pre-elite competitive diving (springboard, platform) injuries and\/or illnesses were eligible. Two independent reviewers screened for inclusion by title, abstract, and full text in accordance with the eligibility criteria.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Systematic review.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of Evidence:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Level 4.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data Extraction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data extraction was completed by 1 author using a structured form. A second author then independently reviewed and verified the extracted data, any discrepancies were resolved through consensus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The search identified 2554 potential articles, with 28 studies meeting eligibility criteria. The surveillance setting of most studies was restricted to competition-based events, with the reported injury incidence proportion ranging from 2.1% to 22.2%. The reported injury incidence rate ranged from 1.9 to 15.5 per 1000 athlete-exposures. Injuries to the shoulder, lower back\/lumbar spine, trunk, and wrist\/hand were reported most frequently. The prevalence of low back pain was reported as high as 89% (lifetime), 43.1% (period), and 37.3% (point). The illness incidence proportion ranged from 0.0% to 22.2%, with respiratory and gastrointestinal illness reported most frequently.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Up to 1 in 5 diving athletes sustain an injury and\/or illness during periods of competition. A reporting bias was observed, with most cohort studies limiting surveillance to short competition-based periods only. This limits the current understanding of the health problems experienced by diving athletes to competition periods only and requires expansion to whole-of-year surveillance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/19417381241255329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T05:47:25Z","timestamp":1717393645000},"page":"594-602","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Diving Into the Health Problems of Competitive Divers: A Systematic Review of Injuries and Illnesses in Pre-elite and Elite Diving Athletes"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Benjamin M.","family":"Currie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), Canberra, Australia"},{"name":"Diving Australia, Brisbane, Australia"},{"name":"Queensland Academy of Sport, Sport Performance Innovation and Knowledge, Brisbane, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael K.","family":"Drew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), Canberra, Australia"},{"name":"Athlete Performance Health, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Hetherington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diving Australia, Brisbane, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gordon","family":"Waddington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), Canberra, Australia"},{"name":"Sports Medicine, AIS Operations, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas A.T.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), Canberra, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liam A.","family":"Toohey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), Canberra, Australia"},{"name":"Athlete Performance Health, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/qims-20-1121"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2021-103987"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2004.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2019-101969"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-009-0767-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-005-0032-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr.01.2011.3691"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ijatt.2014-0108"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(93)90018-V"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5919(20)31168-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2016.07.092"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2014.04.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2019-101337"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","first-page":"415","volume-title":"Specific Sports-Related Injuries","author":"C\u00f3rcoles Mart\u00ednez I","unstructured":"C\u00f3rcoles Mart\u00ednez I, Calmet Garcia J. 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