{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T18:44:49Z","timestamp":1780598689849,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722816000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Multiple studies have analyzed pitching kinematics using motion analysis technology, but lower extremity drive leg impulse (DLI) and drive leg slope (DLS) are not as well characterized. The purpose of this study was to investigate associations between DLI and DLS and pitch velocity as well as angular velocity of the pelvis, trunk, and humerus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Increased DLI and DLS will be correlated positively with pitch velocity and associated with increased angular velocities in the humerus, trunk, and pelvis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective case series.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of Evidence:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Level 4.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Three-dimensional motion analyses data from 174 pitchers (age, 17.0 \u00b1 1.0 years; height, 1.82 \u00b1 0.07 m; weight, 80.0 \u00b1 11.3 kg) throwing combined 613 fastball pitches were included. Pitchers threw 2 to 5 pitches, and the variables collected between pitches were averaged and recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using linear regressions to determine the association between DLS as well as DLI and pitch velocity and angular velocities of the pelvis, trunk, and humerus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Pitchers with higher DLI were associated with lower pitch velocities (\u03b2 = -22.32; 95% CI, -32.75 to -11.88,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.01). There were no significant associations for DLS and velocity (\u03b2 = -0.60; 95% CI, -1.48 to 0.29,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.18) or DLS and DLI with rotational velocities except for DLI and trunk kinematics (\u03b2 = -0.60; 95% CI, -1.48 to 0.29,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.18).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the combined cohort, DLI correlated negatively with pitch velocity, although this relationship does not exist in the subgroup analysis. Higher DLS was found in pitchers with slower pitch velocities in the elite, high school, and youth groups, although not statistically significant. No associations were found with DLS and any angular velocities between any level of play analyzed in this study, suggesting no consistent association regardless of playing level.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/19417381241264502","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T07:41:46Z","timestamp":1722843706000},"page":"862-869","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Impact of Drive Leg Impulse and Slope on Throwing Velocity and Kinematics in the Competitive Throwing Athlete"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Mark A.","family":"Glover","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph A.","family":"Mylott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arlen","family":"Gaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Recker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Garrett S.","family":"Bullock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian R.","family":"Waterman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristen F.","family":"Nicholson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.23.1.42"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.6365"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"652","article-title":"Pitching mechanics, revisited","volume":"8","author":"Calabrese GJ.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Calabrese GJ. Pitching mechanics, revisited. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2013;8(5):652-660.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465211029017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546517719047"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546514551924"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2015.1133923"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967115581594"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967120969245"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","first-page":"59","article-title":"Timing of the lower limb drive and throwing limb movement in baseball pitching","volume":"4","author":"Elliott B","year":"1988","unstructured":"Elliott B, Grove G BJR Timing of the lower limb drive and throwing limb movement in baseball pitching. J Appl Biomech. 1988;4(1):59-67.","journal-title":"J Appl Biomech"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","first-page":"403","article-title":"Three-dimensional interactions in a two-segment kinetic chain. Part I: general model","volume":"5","author":"Feltner ME","year":"1989","unstructured":"Feltner ME, Dapena J. Three-dimensional interactions in a two-segment kinetic chain. Part I: general model. J Appl Biomech. 1989;5(4):403-419.","journal-title":"J Appl Biomech"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(99)00127-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Comparison of marker-less and marker-based motion capture for baseball pitching kinematics","volume":"2022","author":"Fleisig GS","unstructured":"Fleisig GS, Slowik JS, Wassom D, Yanagita Y, Bishop J, Diffendaffer A. Comparison of marker-less and marker-based motion capture for baseball pitching kinematics. Sports Biomech. 2022:1-10.","journal-title":"Sports Biomech"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2020.109909"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4077\/CJP.2010.AMK026"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","first-page":"246","article-title":"Difference between adolescent and collegiate baseball pitchers in the kinematics and kinetics of the lower limbs and trunk during pitching motion","volume":"14","author":"Kageyama M","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kageyama M, Sugiyama T, Kanehisa H, Maeda A. Difference between adolescent and collegiate baseball pitchers in the kinematics and kinetics of the lower limbs and trunk during pitching motion. J Sports Sci Med. 2015;14(2):246-255.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","first-page":"742","article-title":"Kinematic and kinetic profiles of trunk and lower limbs during baseball pitching in collegiate pitchers","volume":"13","author":"Kageyama M","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kageyama M, Sugiyama T, Takai Y, Kanehisa H, Maeda A. Kinematic and kinetic profiles of trunk and lower limbs during baseball pitching in collegiate pitchers.J Sports Sci Med. 2014;13(4):742-750.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546514552183"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000937"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001980"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199101000-00019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(93)90084-R"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546510375535"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","volume-title":"Drive Leg and Stride Leg Ground Reaction Forces Relationship to Medial Elbow Stress and Velocity in Collegiate Baseball Pitchers","author":"Smith B.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Smith B. Drive Leg and Stride Leg Ground Reaction Forces Relationship to Medial Elbow Stress and Velocity in Collegiate Baseball Pitchers [PhD thesis]. Norfolk, VA: Old Dominion University; 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2008.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2004.05.042"}],"container-title":["Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/19417381241264502","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/19417381241264502","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/19417381241264502","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T22:48:16Z","timestamp":1777589296000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/19417381241264502"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/19417381241264502"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/19417381241264502","relation":{},"ISSN":["1941-7381","1941-0921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1941-7381","type":"print"},{"value":"1941-0921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]]}}}