{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T20:35:07Z","timestamp":1793306107901,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]],"date-time":"2024-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734912000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Baseball pitching injuries can be related to fatigue. Changes in grip and pinch strength over the course of professional baseball games are unknown.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Grip and pinch strength will decrease as the number of innings pitched increases; injured pitchers will have a lower grip strength than uninjured pitchers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of Evidence:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Level 3.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Minor league pitchers for 1 affiliate of a single organization were included. Changes in dominant and nondominant grip, and middle and index finger pincer strength were recorded pregame and after each inning, and compared between players who sustained a shoulder\/elbow injury and those who did not.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 41 pitchers included, 6 sustained a shoulder (n = 2) or elbow (n = 4) injury during the study period. Average grip strength for all pitchers was 124.5 \u00b1 17 lb pregame and increased slightly after the first inning (125.2 \u00b1 17 lb), then declined slowly after the second (120.7 \u00b1 18.5 lb), third (119.2 \u00b1 24 lb), and fourth (113.1 \u00b1 19.6 lb) innings. There was a slight uptick in grip strength in the fifth (118.5 \u00b1 23.6 lb) and sixth (121.3 \u00b1 21.8 lb) innings, but pregame levels were not reached. Evaluating uninjured and injured pitchers, the grip strength of injured pitchers was lower at all timepoints. As a percentage of uninjured pitchers grip strength, injured pitcher grip strength was 94.8% pregame, and 97.9%, 95.4%, 81.8%, 87.7%, 82.3%, and 74.5% after the first to sixth innings, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dominant arm grip strength generally declined over the course of a game in professional baseball pitchers. Injured pitchers generally had weaker grip strength and a steeper decline in grip strength during games compared with uninjured pitchers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Incremental loss of grip strength may increase injury risk in professional baseball pitchers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/19417381241305401","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]],"date-time":"2024-12-23T03:17:41Z","timestamp":1734923861000},"page":"1272-1278","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Change in Grip and Pinch Strength Over the Course of a Game in Professional Baseball Pitchers"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3238-7839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brandon J.","family":"Erickson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, Rothman Orthopaedic Institute, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Buchheit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Philadelphia Phillies, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Rauch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Philadelphia Phillies, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael G.","family":"Ciccotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rothman Orthopaedic Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rothman Orthopaedic Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven B.","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rothman Orthopaedic Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546518765158"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546516634305"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546514542805"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00009957-200110000-00017"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967117695085"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546516643813"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.16.01277"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2015.11.051"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738112454828"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546510384224"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-020-01640-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967120952415"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.6003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","first-page":"59","article-title":"Applied anatomy and biomechanics of the elbow joint","volume":"35","author":"Morrey BF.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Morrey BF. 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