{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T06:49:08Z","timestamp":1777877348526,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,2]],"date-time":"2025-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738454400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012676","name":"National Collegiate Athletic Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012676","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Federation of State High School Associations"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020506","name":"American Medical Society for Sports Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020506","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Athletic Trainers Association"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005636","name":"National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005636","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Research on catastrophic injuries and medical conditions among majority girls\u2019 and women\u2019s sports are underrepresented. In this study, we describe the incidence, characteristics, and mechanisms of severe softball injuries\/medical conditions between 2014 and 2021.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Catastrophic injury and illness patterns will be observed with a higher incidence rate at the collegiate level.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Descriptive epidemiologic study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of Evidence:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Level 3.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Events from the National Center for Catastrophic Sport Injury Research (NCCSIR) and National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) were included. NCCSIR included catastrophic injuries during participation in high school (HS) or college sponsored girls\u2019\/women\u2019s softball resulting in death, temporary or permanent disability, or life-threatening injury. NEISS included severe girls\u2019\/women\u2019s softball injuries (product code 5034) among 13- to 17- and 18- to 24-year-olds among severe dispositions. National estimates were derived using a weighted sample for NEISS. Counts (%) and incidence rates (IR) per 100,000 participants overall and by age level, injury\/medical event, and outcome were reported.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>NCCSIR captured 0.3 events per 100,000 participants (95% confidence interval, 0.1-0.5), and incidence was higher in college (IR, 2.5; 0.9-6.6) compared with HS (IR, 0.1; 0.1-0.4). Sudden cardiac arrest was the most common event (5, 63%), and 2 (25%) fatalities were reported. NEISS captured 10.2 events per 100,000 participants (9.7-10.8). Incidence was higher in 18- to 24-year-olds (IR, 8.9; 8.3-9.6) compared with 13- to 17-year-olds (IR, 4.2; 3.8-4.6), and no fatalities were captured.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Collegiate and 18- to 24-year-old athletes demonstrated a higher incidence of severe injuries than HS and 13- to 17-year-old athletes across both surveillance systems. NEISS captured a higher incidence of catastrophic events than NCCSIR. NCCSIR observed more cardiac events, whereas NEISS observed more head\/face injuries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Continued monitoring of severe injuries and medical events in softball is necessary to support response and prevention measures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/19417381251314019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]],"date-time":"2025-02-03T00:20:59Z","timestamp":1738542059000},"page":"1149-1158","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Catastrophic Severe Injuries and Medical Conditions in Girls\u2019 and Women\u2019s Softball: An 8-Year Epidemiologic Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Chelsea","family":"Martin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Catastrophic Sport Injury Research, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina"},{"name":"Gillings School of Global Public Health, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina"},{"name":"Breakthrough Physical Therapy, Carrboro, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathryn","family":"Osterhout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Catastrophic Sport Injury Research, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erin","family":"Shore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Catastrophic Sport Injury Research, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina"},{"name":"Gillings School of Global Public Health, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Randi","family":"Delong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gillings School of Global Public Health, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johna","family":"Mihalik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Catastrophic Sport Injury Research, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina"},{"name":"Department of Exercise and Sport Science, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristen","family":"Kucera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Catastrophic Sport Injury Research, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina"},{"name":"Department of Exercise and Sport Science, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2019-101969"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2013.02.039"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546503262161"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61779-403-2_29"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e3180415466"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","article-title":"2005 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care","volume":"112","author":"ECC Committee, Subcommittees and Task Forces of the American Heart Association","year":"2005","unstructured":"ECC Committee, Subcommittees and Task Forces of the American Heart Association. 2005 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. 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