{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T03:57:59Z","timestamp":1793246279374,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738627200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Elite gymnasts are exposed to high levels of physical stress, during both childhood and adolescence, with significantly late maturation and high injury prevalence. Here, we compare the physiological characteristics of female gymnasts in 2 age groups: young (9-12 years) and adolescent (\u226513 years) in 3 disciplines of competitive gymnastics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants\u2019 physiological characteristics will differ by age group and by gymnastic discipline.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of Evidence:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Level 2.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study included 274 gymnasts, aged 11.8 \u00b1 1.9 years. Data collection included anthropometric measures, Tanner stage, and menarche age; ultrasound assessments were used to assess bone properties, including bone strength, skeletal age, and final-height prediction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Univariate analysis of variance showed age \u00d7 discipline interactions for body mass index (BMI) percentiles (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">F<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>(2, 266)<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 4.379;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.01), skeletal age (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">F<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>(2, 241)<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 3.808;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.02), and final-height prediction (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">F<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>(2, 240)<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 3.377,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.04). Moreover, in both age groups, artistic gymnasts exhibited significantly higher BMI percentiles than rhythmic gymnasts (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05). In the adolescent group, final-height prediction for rhythmic gymnasts was significantly greater than that of artistic gymnasts (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05). Finally, in adolescent gymnasts, regression lines showed that skeletal age was lower than chronological age (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Artistic gymnasts were shorter than rhythmic and acrobatic gymnasts. Despite similar BMI and body fat, maturity patterns, and training-volume history, artistic gymnasts had lower bone-strength than rhythmic and acrobatic gymnasts. Combined with their high-impact and intensive training, this could increase their risk of musculoskeletal injuries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The current study may help athletic trainers and medical teams define \u201cnorms\u201d for different age groups and gymnastic disciplines, based on what may be expected during the athletes\u2019 early and late maturation. This knowledge can be used to modify, individualize, and optimize training programs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/19417381251314077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]],"date-time":"2025-02-05T00:02:36Z","timestamp":1738713756000},"page":"1132-1139","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Physiological Characteristics of Young (9-12 Years) and Adolescent (\u226513 Years) Rhythmic, Acrobatic, and Artistic Female Gymnasts"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3433-9120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nili","family":"Steinberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Academic College Levinsky- Wingate, Wingate Campus, Netanya, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liav","family":"Elbaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Academic College Levinsky- Wingate, Wingate Campus, Netanya, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gali","family":"Dar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Studies, University of Haifa, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Nemet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Health and Sport Center, Pediatrics, Meir Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alon","family":"Eliakim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Health and Sport Center, Pediatrics, Meir Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34256\/ijk2315"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.36.1.13"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/tp.2017.04.03"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2012.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2021.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-635-20"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","first-page":"355","article-title":"The contribution of anthropometric characteristics to performance scores in elite female gymnasts","volume":"39","author":"Claessens AL","year":"1999","unstructured":"Claessens AL, Lefevre J, Beunen G, Malina RM. 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Effects of gymnastics activities on bone accrual during growth: a systematic review. 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