{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T15:32:04Z","timestamp":1789399924665,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]],"date-time":"2025-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751932800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Washington alumni Jack and Luellen Charneski and the Chisholm Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The King-Devick (KD) test is a timed rapid number naming test used for the acute diagnosis of concussion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The KD test will be more sensitive, but less specific, than other commonly used objective tests for concussion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Case-control study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of Evidence:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Level 4.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I college athletes completed baseline testing for the KD. When an athlete presented acutely with suspected concussion from July 1, 2020 to December 31, 2022 (sideline\/within 48 hours) the test was repeated. If a concussion was diagnosed, a control matched on comorbid conditions, sex\/gender, team, season, and baseline test time was identified to test.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Baseline and postinjury data were collected for 97 concussed and 97 matched control athletes. In total, 44% of concussions occurred in female athletes, with most concussion occurring in football 37 (38%), women\u2019s volleyball 14 (14%), and softball 6 (6%). The KD test had fair test-retest reliability at 0.72 (95% CI, 0.61-0.80). The sensitivity and specificity of the test for any increase in time compared with baseline was 81% and 56%, with a positive predictive value of 65% and negative predictive value of 75%. The AUC was also fair at 0.75 (0.68-0.82). There was no significant difference in accuracy of the KD taken at different times points (immediate, 2-8 hours, 8-24 hours, 24-48 hours).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The KD is more sensitive, but less specific, than other commonly used objective tests for concussion. Understanding the psychometric properties of the KD can help with the diagnosis of concussion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The KD may be a good initial screening tool to prompt further evaluation or allow return to play without further evaluation. Further study in other populations is needed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/19417381251350685","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]],"date-time":"2025-07-08T03:22:44Z","timestamp":1751944964000},"page":"391-400","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Validity of the King Devick Test for Acute Diagnosis of Concussion in NCAA Division I Athletes"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3670-6609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kimberly G.","family":"Harmon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bridget M.","family":"Whelan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas F.","family":"Aukerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sourav K.","family":"Poddar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"DeLeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather A.","family":"Elkington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabrielle","family":"Garruppo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University, Stanford, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marissa","family":"Holliday","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Calvin E.","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University, Stanford, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2011.608216"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-102072"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546516648141"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-455-18"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/CPJ.0000000000000381"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2023-106849"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2023-106849"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000841"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546520988098"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465211072261"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-098560"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-019-0231-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2011.07.039"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000000226"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-018-0880-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-103840"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.16223"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2018.03.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23259671221142255"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000938"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.04.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optom.2014.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042752-199501000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/CPJ.0000000000000060"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2017.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2017.5490"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","unstructured":"NCAA Demographics Database. https:\/\/www.ncaa.org\/sports\/2018\/12\/13\/ncaa-demographics-database.aspx. 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