{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T08:41:21Z","timestamp":1782895281690,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753747200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Elastic tubes are used widely in fitness programs because they are lightweight, easy to use, and versatile. However, evidence of their equivalence to other equipment, including dumbbells, remains insufficient.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Elastic tubing and dumbbells do not have equivalent loads, although both equipment generate similar symmetry and muscular synergy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of Evidence:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Level 2b.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty physically active people (15 men and 15 women) performed 4 upper-limb exercises (elbow flexion, shoulder abduction, scapular elevation and abduction, and scapular retraction and abduction) with 5 loads (dumbbells ranging from 2 to 6\u2009kg and red, green, blue, black, and silver elastic tubes).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Only elbow flexion (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.14 and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2265\u20090.99) and shoulder abduction (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.13 and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2265\u20090.99) exercises showed load equivalence in men but not in women. Both types of equipment were symmetrical and generated similar synergies when the load was increased, with no sex differences (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.11). Load equivalence was found only in men and in the 2 exercises, suggesting that this equipment was not interchangeable.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dumbbell and elastic tube exercises can be executed in a balanced and symmetrical manner, yielding similar synergies considering the involvement of all muscle groups regardless of sex.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study analyzed a higher number of exercises performed by both men and women. The results showed that these 2 pieces of equipment cannot be considered interchangeable, as they generate different loads. However, similar efforts are required for symmetry and muscle synergy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/19417381251353769","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T05:12:42Z","timestamp":1753852362000},"page":"796-803","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparison of Upper-Limb Muscle Activation Levels in Different Physical Fitness Exercises Using Dumbbells and Elastic Tubes"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5089-8427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julio","family":"Mart\u00edn-Ruiz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Functional Assessment, Catholic University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Ruiz-Sanchis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Preparation and Conditioning, Catholic University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ignacio","family":"Tamarit Grancha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Management and Didactics of Physical Activity, Catholic University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Gallego Cerver\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Functional Assessment, Catholic University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Vicente-Mampel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Health Science. 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