{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T13:21:05Z","timestamp":1791379265779,"version":"4.3.2"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765497600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Quadriceps neuromuscular impairments are common after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Quadriceps function is typically characterized by peak torque (PT) assessment, and reported as limb symmetry index (LSI). Even when PT LSI is restored, high reinjury rates and abnormal biomechanics persist. Quadriceps rate of torque development (RTD) may have significant functional relevance, but direct comparisons of PT and RTD recovery post-ACLR are lacking.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Quadriceps RTD LSI will recover more slowly than PT LSI post-ACLR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Longitudinal cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of Evidence:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Level 3.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      42 athletes 4, 8, and 12\u2009months post-ACLR completed maximal and rapid voluntary isometric knee extension contractions with both limbs. RTD was calculated as torque-time curve slopes from onset to 100\u2009ms (RTD\n                      <jats:sub>0-100<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), 100\u2009ms to 200\u2009ms (RTD\n                      <jats:sub>100-200<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), onset to 200 ms (RTD\n                      <jats:sub>0-200)<\/jats:sub>\n                      , and 20% to 80% of PT (RTD\n                      <jats:sub>20-80<\/jats:sub>\n                      ). Between-limb differences were assessed with paired\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">t<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009tests (Bonferroni adjusted\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.003). Linear mixed models assessed the effect of time and variable on differences in PT and RTD LSIs and variable-by-time interactions. Least square mean differences and 95% CIs between PT and RTD LSIs are reported.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Significant between-limb asymmetries were observed at all timepoints (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) for all PT and RTD variables. No variable-by-time interactions were detected. There was a main effect of both time (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and variable (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). RTD\n                      <jats:sub>0-100<\/jats:sub>\n                      LSI was not significantly different than PT LSI (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.36). RTD\n                      <jats:sub>100-200<\/jats:sub>\n                      , RTD\n                      <jats:sub>0-200<\/jats:sub>\n                      , and RTD\n                      <jats:sub>20-80<\/jats:sub>\n                      LSIs were less than PT LSI by 10.4% (6.0, 14.9), 7.3% (2.8, 11.7), and 15.7% (11.2, 20.1), respectively (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.002).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In collegiate athletes, RTD impairments are greater than PT impairments from 4 to 12\u2009months post-ACLR, but the specific RTD metric is important.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Increased focus on the development and implementation of interventions to improve quadriceps RTD, beginning earlier post-ACLR, is warranted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/19417381251395745","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T04:55:30Z","timestamp":1765601730000},"page":"980-989","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Quadriceps Rate of Torque Development Is More Impaired Than Strength 4 to 12 Months Post-ACLR in Collegiate Athletes"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5735-2870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel G.","family":"Cobian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin"},{"name":"Badger Athletic Performance Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin"},{"name":"Doctor of Physical 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A.","family":"Knurr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin"},{"name":"Badger Athletic Performance Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin"},{"name":"Doctor of Physical Therapy Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryan C.","family":"Heiderscheit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin"},{"name":"Badger Athletic Performance Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, 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