{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T19:26:04Z","timestamp":1787599564229,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765497600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Trail running has increased in popularity due to the benefits of physical activity in nature. However, trail running has an inherent risk of running-related injuries (RRI). It is known that athletes with certain psychological traits have a greater tendency to suffer injuries; however, this is unknown in trail runners. The main objective of this study was to identify trail runners\u2019 psychological profiles and to compare the proportion of RRI across these profiles.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Trail runners with psychological profiles of high stress, precompetitive anxiety, mental fatigue, competitiveness, and poor sleep quality are at increased risk of RRI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of Evidence:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Level 2.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A Gaussian mixture model cluster analysis was performed on 202 trail runners (55.5% male; aged 38.7 [33.4-46.2] years) with psychological stress, cognitive and somatic anxiety, self-confidence, mental fatigue, sleep quality, and competitiveness measured 4\u2009weeks before participating in a race. The proportion of RRI during the race was recorded and compared across clusters.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Overall RRI proportion during competition was 11.3% (n\u2009=\u200924). The most common RRI were muscle (41.7%) and tendon\/bursa (16.7%) injuries, affecting primarily the knee (33.3%) and lower leg (20.8%). Five psychological profiles were identified. Cluster\u20091 (competitive runners with moderate psychological stress and mental fatigue, low sleep quality and anxiety, and high self-confidence) had a higher RRI proportion than Cluster\u20093 (similar traits but lower psychological stress, mental fatigue, and higher self-confidence; 21.2% vs 3.2%;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.02).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Certain psychological profiles in trail runners were associated with higher RRI risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The medical team or trail running coaches should monitor runners with psychological profiles with higher psychological stress, mental fatigue, and cognitive anxiety, as well as lower self-confidence and sleep quality, to design strategies to reduce their risk of RRI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/19417381251397950","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T04:59:09Z","timestamp":1765601949000},"page":"1137-1146","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Psychological Profile of Trail Runners Associated With Running-Related Injuries: A Prospective Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4515-2492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rub\u00e9n","family":"Gajardo-Burgos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias del Movimiento y la Ocupaci\u00f3n Humana, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile"},{"name":"Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de la Actividad F\u00edsica y del Deporte, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2242-1335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raimundo","family":"S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8880-4561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela","family":"Besomi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia"},{"name":"The Running Clinic, Lac-Beauport, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"},{"name":"Carrera de Kinesiolog\u00eda, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3548-5509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carel","family":"Viljoen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1058-6992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dina C.","family":"Janse van Rensburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section Sports Medicine and SEMLI, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa"},{"name":"Medical Advisory Panel, World Netball, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6250-8518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio","family":"Bascour-Sandoval","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias de la Rehabilitaci\u00f3n, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"American Psychological Association. APA Dictionary of Psychology. Stress. https:\/\/dictionary.apa.org\/stress. Accessed December 4 2023."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.10.3.294"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"150","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Revised Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 with athletes [Article in Spanish]","volume":"19","author":"Andrade Fern\u00e1ndez EM","year":"2007","unstructured":"Andrade Fern\u00e1ndez EM, Lois R\u00edo G, Arce Fern\u00e1ndez C. Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Revised Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 with athletes [Article in Spanish]. Psicothema. 2007;19(1):150-155. PMID: 17295997","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","article-title":"International Olympic Committee Consensus Statement: methods for recording and reporting of epidemiological data on injury and illness in sports 2020 (Including the STROBE Extension for Sports Injury and Illness Surveillance (STROBE-SIIS))","volume":"8","author":"Bahr R","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bahr R, Clarsen B, Derman W, et al. International Olympic Committee Consensus Statement: methods for recording and reporting of epidemiological data on injury and illness in sports 2020 (Including the STROBE Extension for Sports Injury and Illness Surveillance (STROBE-SIIS)). Orthop J Sport Med. 2020;8(2):2325967120902908. PMID: 32118084","journal-title":"Orthop J Sport Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00220973.1995.9943797"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-095850"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2005.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/hukin-2021-0087"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000861"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cox RH Martens MP Russell WD. Measuring anxiety in athletics: the revised competitive state anxiety inventory-2. J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2003;25(4):519-533. https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/jsep\/25\/4\/article-p519.xml","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.25.4.519"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wem.2020.08.001"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","first-page":"408","article-title":"Psychological assessment tools utilized in sports injury treatment outcomes research: a review","volume":"19","author":"Everhart JS","year":"2020","unstructured":"Everhart JS, Harris K, Chafitz A, et al. Psychological assessment tools utilized in sports injury treatment outcomes research: a review. J Sports Sci Med. 2020;19(2):408-419. PMID: 32390735","journal-title":"J Sports Sci Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fraley C Raftery AE. Model-based clustering discriminant analysis and density estimation. J Am Stat Assoc. 2002;97(458):611-631. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1198\/016214502760047131","DOI":"10.1198\/016214502760047131"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18105431"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2020.10.045"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2024.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2020.1733670"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-015-0359-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12541"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","unstructured":"International Trail Running Association. Discover Trail Running. Definition trail. https:\/\/itra.run\/About\/DiscoverTrailRunning. Accessed December 4 2023."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-010-1025-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e318221bfe3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.15744"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4321\/s0465-546x2023000300003"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","first-page":"894","article-title":"The effect of self-selected music on endurance running capacity and performance in a mentally fatigued state","volume":"17","author":"Lam HKN","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lam HKN, Middleton H, Phillips SM. The effect of self-selected music on endurance running capacity and performance in a mentally fatigued state. J Hum Sport Exerc. 2022;17(4):894-908.","journal-title":"J Hum Sport Exerc"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0b013e3181b37b8f"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(91)90027-M"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","first-page":"52","article-title":"Prevalence of injury in ultra trail running","volume":"16","author":"Malliaropoulos N","year":"2015","unstructured":"Malliaropoulos N, Mertyri D, Tsaklis P. Prevalence of injury in ultra trail running. Hum Mov. 2015;16(2):52-59.","journal-title":"Hum Mov"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2021.1907904"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e3180592a48"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.2021-0434"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nuf.12659"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/19417381231179678"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08964280309596171"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.27.3.271"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11144\/Javerianacali.PPSI18-2.racc"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2023-0527"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e318225b0df"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1096-0980"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2018.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14249"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","first-page":"267","article-title":"Sleep quality monitoring in individual sports athletes: parameters and de\ufb01nitions by systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Simim MAM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Simim MAM, Souza HS, Cardoso Filho CA, et al. Sleep quality monitoring in individual sports athletes: parameters and de\ufb01nitions by systematic review. Sleep Sci. 2020;13(4):267-285. PMID: 33564374","journal-title":"Sleep Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096581"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.01469"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es102947t"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-024-02045-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2021.102082"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199214020-00002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1569347"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2022.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2021-104858"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-020-01418-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01546-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2010.01195.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wiese-Bjornstal DM. Sociocultural aspects of sport injury and recovery. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology. 2019. https:\/\/oxfordre.com\/psychology\/view\/10.1093\/acrefore\/9780190236557.001.0001\/acrefore-9780190236557-e-174.","DOI":"10.1093\/acrefore\/9780190236557.013.174"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10413209808406375"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2015.5741"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0962-1105.2003.00365.x"}],"container-title":["Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/19417381251397950","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/19417381251397950","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/19417381251397950","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T19:08:30Z","timestamp":1787598510000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/19417381251397950"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/19417381251397950"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/19417381251397950","relation":{},"ISSN":["1941-7381","1941-0921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1941-7381","type":"print"},{"value":"1941-0921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]}}}