{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T15:26:41Z","timestamp":1789140401314,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772582400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vitamin (Vit.) D is an essential nutrient that is both synthesized by the body and supplemented via diet. Vit. D deficiency has been found to correlate with an increase in a variety of musculoskeletal injuries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lower levels of serum Vit. D would be associated with an increased number of musculoskeletal injuries in collegiate athletes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Routinely collected data were reviewed for 284 student athletes at a Division I Big10 University.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of Evidence:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Level 4.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels were obtained on athletes via chart review and classified as normal (\u226532 ng\/ml), insufficient (20-31 ng\/ml) and deficient (\u226419 ng\/ml). Vit. D was analyzed both as a continuous variable and based on the 3-level classification. The odds of injury were estimated with mixed effects logistic regression models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Results showed that 47.2% of athletes were Vit. D insufficient, with 17.6% being deficient. The odds of sustaining an injury at any point during the collection period were 13% higher for each 5 ng\/ml decrease in the athlete\u2019s Vit. D level (odds ratio [OR], 1.13 (1.00-1.27);\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.05). There was no significant difference in injury time based upon Vit. D class. There was a significant negative correlation between Vit. D level and max jump height\/max jump force (OR, \u20130.50 (\u20130.99, \u20130.02),\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.04; \u20130.20 (\u20130.37, \u20130.04),\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.01 respectively), which are clinically insignificant changes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Many collegiate athletes had insufficient or deficient Vit. D levels. Our results showed for each 5 ng\/ml decrease in an athlete\u2019s Vit. D level, there was a 13% increase in odds of injury. Finally, there was no significant association between Vit. D level and athletic performance or injury recovery length.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vit. D deficiency and insufficiency is highly prevalent in collegiate athletes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/19417381251407674","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T15:06:35Z","timestamp":1773241595000},"page":"731-737","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Low Vitamin D Levels Are Associated With Increased Risk of Musculoskeletal Injuries in Collegiate Athletes"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Alexandra M.","family":"Frank","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3085-4491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikel R.","family":"Joachim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin"},{"name":"Badger Athletic Performance, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Sanfilippo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Badger Athletic Performance, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin"},{"name":"Division of Intercollegiate Athletics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cory J.","family":"Call","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott J.","family":"Hetzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret A.","family":"Brooks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1243-9726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea M.","family":"Spiker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, 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