{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T17:35:27Z","timestamp":1793036127906,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775779200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Yahama Sport Challenge Grant"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"\n Background:<\/jats:title>\n The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of oral versus intravenous (IV) rehydration during exercise in the heat on exercise performance and physiological responses.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Hypothesis:<\/jats:title>\n Oral rehydration will lead to better performance and physiological outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Study Design:<\/jats:title>\n Cross-over study.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Level of Evidence:<\/jats:title>\n Level 2.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n A total of recreational active men (age, 29\u2009\u00b1\u200912\u2009years; peak oxygen consumption [VO\n 2peak<\/jats:sub>\n ], 49.8\u2009\u00b1\u20096.6\u2009ml\u2009kg\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n \u2009min\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n ) performed 90\u2009minutes of cycling exercise at 55% watts at VO\n 2peak<\/jats:sub>\n (WVO\n 2peak<\/jats:sub>\n ) followed by a 12-km time trial in the heat (34.9\u2009\u00b1\u20090.6\u00b0C; 30.3\u2009\u00b1\u20090.9%; wind speed, 3.4\u2009m\u2009sec\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n ). Two experimental trials were performed in random order: (1) drank 25\u2009ml of water every 5\u2009minutes (ORAL) and (2) 25\u2009ml of isotonic saline infused intravenously every 5\u2009minutes (IV). Rectal temperature (T\n rec<\/jats:sub>\n ) and thirst sensation were measured every 5\u2009minutes. Urine specific gravity (USG) and body mass loss were measured before and after trials. Changes (\u0394) were calculated based on the resting value for each trial.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n Participants started both trials euhydrated (USG\u2009<\u20091.020), and no differences were found in hydration status between ORAL and IV after trials (USG:ORAL, 1.012\u2009\u00b1\u20090.006;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.14; IV, 1.013\u2009\u00b1\u20090.007; body mass loss: ORAL, 2.4\u2009\u00b1\u20090.8%; IV, 2.3\u2009\u00b1\u20090.5%,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.68). Thirst levels were higher in IV than ORAL from 20 to 50\u2009minutes (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.03 to 0.05) and after 65\u2009minutes throughout 90\u2009minutes of cycling exercise and the 12-km time trial (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001 to 0.04\n )<\/jats:italic>\n . \u0394T\n rec<\/jats:sub>\n was also significantly higher in IV after 20\u2009minutes throughout 90\u2009minutes of cycling exercise and a 12-km time trial (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.003 to 0.04). The time trial was significantly faster in ORAL (17.7\u2009\u00b1\u20094.6\u2009minutes) compared with IV (19.6\u2009\u00b1\u20096.2\u2009minutes,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.05).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n \n Oral rehydration enhances exercise performance and decreases T\n rec<\/jats:sub>\n and heartrate compared with IV rehydration.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Clinical Relevance:<\/jats:title>\n Oral rehydration might have more benefits than IV in exercise performance and physiological response.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/19417381261434047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T07:11:31Z","timestamp":1775805091000},"page":"1211-1217","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Oral Rehydration Improved Exercise Performance and Decreased Core Temperature and Heartrate Compared With Intravenous Rehydration in Recreationally Active Men"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2972-8738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasuki","family":"Sekiguchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan T.","family":"Ky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Courteney L.","family":"Benjamin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, Samford University, Birmingham, Alabama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan Joseph S.","family":"Rolloque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John A.","family":"Griswold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stavros A.","family":"Kavouras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hydration Science Laboratory, College of Health Solution, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.D.","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Human Performance, College of Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001597"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11122864"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsn.8.4.345"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3182285776"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","article-title":"Intravenous versus oral rehydration: physiological, performance, and legal considerations","volume":"7","author":"Casa DJ","year":"2008","unstructured":"Casa DJ, Ganio MS, Lopez RM, McDermott BP, Armstrong LE, Maresh CM. 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