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Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining CET (\u22654 weeks) in clinical populations, reporting global cognition via validated tools (e.g., Mini-Mental State Examination [MMSE], Montreal Cognitive Assessment [MoCA]). Non-RCTs, acute interventions, healthy populations, and lack of control were excluded. Two reviewers performed study selection, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment independently using the Cochrane Risk-of-Bias 2.0 tool; discrepancies were resolved by a third reviewer. Standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% CI were calculated using random-effects models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Systematic review and meta-analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of Evidence:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Level II.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 22 RCTs involving 3463 participants (age range, 43.9-92.1\u2009years; 48% female) were included. Of these, 714 participants had physiological disorders (e.g., diabetes, fibromyalgia, frailty) and 2442 had neurocognitive disorders (e.g., dementia, AD). CET significantly improved global cognitive function compared with controls (SMD\u2009=\u20090.34; 95% CI, 0.18 to 0.50;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u200967%). Subgroup analyses demonstrated significant improvements in both physiological disorders (SMD\u2009=\u20090.29; 95% CI, 0.09 to 0.49;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01) and neurocognitive disorders (SMD\u2009=\u20090.37; 95% CI, 0.14 to 0.55;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01). No publication bias was detected (Egger\u2019s test\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.62).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CET is an effective nonpharmacological intervention for enhancing cognitive health in middle-aged and older adults with physiological or neurocognitive disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Strength-of-Recommendation Taxonomy (SORT):<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Moderate.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/19417381261451825","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T06:53:16Z","timestamp":1782456796000},"page":"1307-1319","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of Concurrent Strength and Aerobic Exercise Training on Cognitive Health in Adults With Physiological or Neurocognitive Disorders: Systematic Review With Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1761-0297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingyang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport Science, Jishou University, Jishou, China"},{"name":"School of Athletic Training, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China"},{"name":"Digitalized Strength and Conditioning Laboratory, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruixiang","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digitalized Strength and Conditioning Laboratory, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijie","family":"Lou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Wushu, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kailin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Course, Hunan Polytechnic of Water Resources and Electric Power, Changsha, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junyi","family":"Bian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Performance and Health Education, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duanying","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Athletic Training, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Athletic Training, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0097577"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2014.12.191"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-017-0635-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2011.11.029"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2012.02.068"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000460"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2023.101868"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00022.2020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.t01-1-01430"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(02)02143-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2007.06.011"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","article-title":"Effect of exercise on cognition, conditioning, muscle endurance, and balance in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"42","author":"da Silveira Langoni C","year":"2019","unstructured":"da Silveira Langoni C, de Lima Resende T, Barcellos AB, et al. 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