{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T14:17:00Z","timestamp":1787926620341,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787443200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea and the National Research Foundation of Korea","award":["NRF-2021S1A5A2A01062062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2021S1A5A2A01062062"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach"],"abstract":"\n Background:<\/jats:title>\n Monitoring femoral cartilage morphology in athletic populations may aid early detection of cartilage degeneration and long-term sport-specific adaptations.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Hypothesis:<\/jats:title>\n Femoral cartilage morphology would differ depending on the type of sport, with badminton and Taekwondo athletes expected to show greater reductions than archery athletes and nonathletes at a 12-month follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Study Design:<\/jats:title>\n Prospective cohort.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Level of Evidence:<\/jats:title>\n Level 2.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n Eighty athletes (29 archery; 23 badminton; 28 Taekwondo) and 29 nonathletes completed ultrasonographic assessment of bilateral femoral cartilage cross-sectional area (CSA) and thickness (lateral condyle, intercondylar, and medial condyle) at baseline (1st year) and at 12-month follow-up (2nd year). Data were analyzed using repeated-measures linear mixed models adjusting for sex, age, and body mass index. Post-hoc pairwise comparisons used the Tukey method, and Cohen\u2019s\n d<\/jats:italic>\n effect sizes were calculated.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n Significant group \u00d7 time interactions (\n F<\/jats:italic>\n 3,315<\/jats:sub>\n = 2.66-14.27;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.05) were observed for femoral cartilage CSA and lateral and medial condyle thickness; badminton athletes consistently exhibited greater CSA and thickness than archery athletes (\n d =<\/jats:italic>\n 0.87-1.05) and nonathletes (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2264 0.002;\n d =<\/jats:italic>\n 1.20-1.78), while Taekwondo athletes showed greater CSA and thickness than nonathletes (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2264 0.001;\n d =<\/jats:italic>\n 0.83-1.46). Within-group decreases from the 1st year to 2nd year were observed in CSA for Taekwondo athletes (\n P =<\/jats:italic>\n 0.01;\n d =<\/jats:italic>\n 0.56), lateral condyle thickness for badminton and Taekwondo athletes (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2264 0.03;\n d =<\/jats:italic>\n 0.61-0.69), and medial condyle thickness across all athlete groups (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2264 0.002;\n d =<\/jats:italic>\n 0.57-1.02). No significant interactions were observed for intercondylar thickness, but group and time main effects were present; badminton athletes displayed the greatest thickness (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001;\n d =<\/jats:italic>\n 0.83-1.20), and thickness decreased over time (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001;\n d =<\/jats:italic>\n 0.40).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n Collegiate athletes demonstrate sport-specific adaptations and time-dependent changes in femoral cartilage morphology. Badminton and Taekwondo athletes exhibited greater CSA and thickness than archery athletes and\/or nonathletes, with reductions observed after a 12-month follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Clinical Relevance:<\/jats:title>\n Sport-specific evaluations may help clinicians detect early deviations in cartilage adaptation.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/19417381261474013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T06:55:00Z","timestamp":1787554500000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Femoral Cartilage Morphology in Collegiate Archery, Badminton, and Taekwondo Athletes and Nonathletes: A 12-month Prospective Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"given":"Seunghun","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Athletic Training Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2531-0617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sungwan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Science, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9910-259X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junhyeong","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Athletic Training Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8844-3855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jihong","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Athletic Training Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Babayeva N D\u00f6nmez G \u00d6z\u00e7akar L et al. 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