{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T18:06:43Z","timestamp":1789063603183,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788739200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The relationship between heat stress and injury risk in youth athletes is unknown. The purpose of the study was to identify the association between wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) and injury risk in youth soccer athletes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall injury incidence would increase, and concussion incidence would decrease with higher WBGT.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of Evidence:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Level 2.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Injury characteristics were recorded by athletic trainers at Elite Clubs National League youth soccer events throughout the United States over 2\u2009years, and WBGT was calculated for each day of each event. The associations of nontime-loss and time-loss injury and concussion incidence with WBGT were assessed through separate negative binomial regression models, adjusted for age and sex.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 1584 injuries and 306 concussions were reported from 42 events representing 315,113 player-hours. Injury incidence was 5.0 per 1000 player-hours overall and higher for girls than boys (5.6 vs 4.4 per 1000 player-hours respectively, incidence rate ratio [IRR], 1.38; 95% CI, 1.1-1.7;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\u2264\u20090.001). Concussion incidence was 0.97 per 1000 player-hours, and girls had a higher concussion incidence than boys (1.20 vs 0.78 per 1000 player hours; IRR, 1.39; 95% CI. 1.0-1.9;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.03). Higher WBGT was associated with a lower incidence of injuries overall (IRR, 0.986; 95% CI, 0.98-0.99;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01), time-loss injuries (IRR, 0.983; 95% CI, 0.97-0.99;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01), and concussions (IRR, 0.981; 95% CI, 0.97-0.99;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.01), but not nontime-loss injuries (IRR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.99-0.99;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.86).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study of match injuries in youth soccer, we found that a higher WBGT was associated with a decreased incidence in overall injuries, as well as a lower incidence of concussions and time-loss injuries. Further research is warranted to understand the mechanisms behind these relationships, and whether they exist similarly in other athletic populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results help advance our understanding of environmental injury risk factors in youth soccer to inform decision making by support staff.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/19417381261479669","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T04:30:22Z","timestamp":1788841822000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Associations of Wet Bulb Globe Temperature With Match Injury and Concussion Incidence in American Youth Soccer"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1038-9896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brandon","family":"Merfeld","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin","family":"Haraldsdottir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation and Badger Athletic Performance Lab, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Kohler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Sanfilippo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Athletic Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriella","family":"Lues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Watson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15459624.2014.989365"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2007.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-50.9.07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23259671241262009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2015.01.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967120951077"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12775\/JEHS.2024.71.56117"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17218195"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2023-108050"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","unstructured":"Elite Clubs National League. ECNL heat policy. https:\/\/theecnl.com\/documents\/2024\/9\/4\/\/ECNL_Heat_Policy.pdf?id=13. Accessed July 27 2025."},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","article-title":"Does the environment influence the frequency of concussion incidence in professional football?","volume":"10","author":"Haider S","year":"2018","unstructured":"Haider S, Kaye-Kauderer HP, Maniya AY, et al. Does the environment influence the frequency of concussion incidence in professional football? Cureus. 2018;10(11):e3627.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-023-01892-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23328940.2016.1230171"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/OAJSM.S33556"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","unstructured":"National Weather Service. WetBulb globe temperature. https:\/\/www.weather.gov\/tsa\/wbgt. 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