{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T11:25:03Z","timestamp":1787138703430,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764806400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Respiratory Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) prevalence, associated comorbidities, distribution of respiratory events in different sleep states, and body positions in infants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was a single-center retrospective study that included infants aged 0 to 12 months who underwent\u00a0polysomnogram (PSG). OSA severity was categorized by obstructive apnea-hypopnea index (OAHI) as mild (1\u20134.9 events\/h), moderate (5\u20139.9 events\/h), and severe (\u226510 events\/h).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      One hundred eighteen infants were included with a median age of 5\u2009months (interquartile range, [IQR] 2.0\u20139.0) for the OSA group (73\/118) and 7\u2009months (IQR 6.0\u20139.0) for the non-OSA group (45\/118) (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .01). The most common indication for PSG was snoring (57.5%), followed by apneas (41.1%). OSA prevalence was 61.9% (53.4% mild, 17.8% moderate, and 28.8% severe). Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD; 32.9%) and 21.9% of craniofacial abnormalities were commonly associated comorbidities. Multivariate binominal regression analysis indicated that infants with a history of craniofacial abnormalities (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .038) had higher odds of having OSA. There were no significant differences noted in sleep architecture medians, such as total sleep time, sleep efficiency, sleep latency, stage 1, 2, 3, and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep durations, between the OSA and the non-OSA group, except for the median arousal index, which was significantly higher in the OSA group (15.7 [11.9, 24.1] versus 10.6 [9.4, 16.3];\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .001). Differences in respiratory parameters including apnea hypopnea index (AHI), OAHI, REM AHI, non-REM AHI, S\n                      <jats:sub>\n                        pO\n                        <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      <\/jats:sub>\n                      nadir and mean, and carbon dioxide mean and peak were significant. In 6\u201312-month-olds, 32 infants with OSA had REM AHI that was higher than non-REM (AHI: 17.0 [10.9, 33.8] versus 2.3 [0.6, 6.0];\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .001). Similarly, supine AHI was higher (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .001) when we compared it with each non-supine positions individually.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In infants, OSA was highly prevalent in our cohort; a history of GERD and craniofacial abnormalities were commonly associated comorbidities. Obstructive events occurred predominantly in REM sleep and the supine position.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/19433654251395629","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T01:39:06Z","timestamp":1765417146000},"page":"375-382","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Infants 12 Months or Younger"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Egambaram","family":"Senthilvel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. Senthilvel is affiliated with Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA."},{"name":"Dr. Senthilvel, Nguyen, and Ms. Shah are affiliated with University of Louisville School Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA."},{"name":"Dr. Senthilvel and Ms. Betz are affiliated with Norton Children Medical Group, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, Kentucky, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charmi","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. Senthilvel, Nguyen, and Ms. Shah are affiliated with University of Louisville School Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theresa","family":"Kluthe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ms. Kluthe and Dr. Jawad are affiliated with Norton Research Institute affiliated with University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quang L.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. Senthilvel, Nguyen, and Ms. Shah are affiliated with University of Louisville School Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Betz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. Senthilvel and Ms. Betz are affiliated with Norton Children Medical Group, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, Kentucky, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kahir","family":"Jawad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ms. Kluthe and Dr. Jawad are affiliated with Norton Research Institute affiliated with University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karim","family":"El-Kersh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. El-Kersh is affiliated with Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00985-2017"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-1672"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/children8090824"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-0688"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.109.4.e55"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2021.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2017.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.29536"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.03.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.26255"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.4204"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.22867"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.5678"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2013.1331"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201108-1455CI"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/children9040523"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-022-02202-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.23169"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","volume-title":"The AASM manual for the scoring of sleep and associated events","author":"Berry RB","year":"2012","unstructured":"Berry RB, , Brooks R, , Gamaldo CE, et al. 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