{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T00:09:42Z","timestamp":1793318982434,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772236800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Respiratory Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Up to 70% of patients near the end of their lives experience dyspnea, a common and upsetting symptom of advanced disease. Fan therapy is a straightforward nonpharmacologic intervention that may provide symptom relief, although trial results have been mixed. To address this uncertainty, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs),\u00a0including both parallel-group and crossover designs, evaluating face-directed fan therapy in adults with advanced disease, such as advanced cancer, COPD, interstitial lung disease, or heart failure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane CENTRAL from inception to August 2025 for RCTs evaluating face-directed fan therapy in adults with advanced disease. Eligible comparators included sham interventions, usual care, or no intervention. Primary outcome was change in dyspnea severity scores; secondary outcomes included breathing frequency\u00a0and oxygen saturation. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to calculate standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% CIs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Twelve RCTs with 463 subjects\u00a0were included. Fan therapy significantly reduced immediate dyspnea compared with control (SMD = \u22121.33, 95% CI \u22122.12 to \u22120.53,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .001), although heterogeneity was high (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      = 91%). No statistically significant benefit was observed for cumulative short-term dyspnea (SMD = \u22120.10, 95% CI \u22120.41 to 0.21,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .53), breathing frequency\u00a0(SMD = \u22120.73, 95% CI \u22121.81 to 0.36,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .19), or oxygen saturation (SMD = 0.44, 95% CI \u22120.21 to 1.08,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .19).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In subjects\u00a0with advanced disease, fan therapy is a safe, affordable, and well-tolerated intervention that quickly relieves dyspnea, especially in supportive and palliative care settings. Larger, multi-center RCTs with standardized outcomes are necessary to elucidate sustained effects, as its long-term benefits are still unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/19433654261424868","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T11:47:51Z","timestamp":1772279271000},"page":"527-535","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Fan Therapy for Dyspnea in Palliative and Supportive Care: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Rafael Alvim","family":"Pereira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. Pereira is affiliated with the Department of Medicine, Hospital Santa Casa, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos, SP, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Barcellos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. Barcellos is affiliated with the Department of Medicine, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos, SP, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Lenz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. Lenz is affiliated with the Department of Internal Medicine, Advent Health, Orlando, Florida."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreia","family":"Christmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drs. Christmann, Mello, Gon\u00e7alves, and Giese are affiliated with the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Miami (Holy Cross), Miami, Florida."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina Alves Jacintho","family":"de Mello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drs. Christmann, Mello, Gon\u00e7alves, and Giese are affiliated with the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Miami (Holy Cross), Miami, Florida."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thales Ant\u00f4nio","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drs. Christmann, Mello, Gon\u00e7alves, and Giese are affiliated with the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Miami (Holy Cross), Miami, Florida."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"German","family":"Giese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drs. Christmann, Mello, Gon\u00e7alves, and Giese are affiliated with the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Miami (Holy Cross), Miami, Florida."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2006.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2013.01.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201111-2042ST"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02277-2016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007354.pub3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011008.pub2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2013.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.93.3.580"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2009.09.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-684X-9-22"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1049909115615127"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2466-11-23"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2015.11.026"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2018.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/apjon.apjon_14_17"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1708112"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/spcare-2024-004922"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.10715"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5505\/tjo.2024.4396"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2019.02.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-86326-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2019.04.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2019.0140"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2512\/jspm.17.33"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2023.104036"}],"container-title":["Respiratory Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/19433654261424868","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/19433654261424868","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/19433654261424868","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T15:49:33Z","timestamp":1787240973000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/19433654261424868"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/19433654261424868"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/19433654261424868","relation":{},"ISSN":["1943-3654","1943-3654"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1943-3654","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-3654","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]}}}