{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T08:45:42Z","timestamp":1785746742397,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773273600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Respiratory Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Aerosol therapy is commonly performed during invasive mechanical ventilation. Although heated humidification is standard practice, studies suggest that humidity can reduce the delivered dose. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether the delivered dose can be increased by decoupling humidity control from heating during aerosol drug delivery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In a bench study setup, albuterol sulfate solution was nebulized into an adult invasive mechanical ventilation circuit with a vibrating-mesh nebulizer. An absolute humidifier with decoupled heating and humidification was tested at 0 and 25\u2009mg H\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O\/L of added humidity during nebulization and compared with 2 conventional pass-over humidifiers with no independent humidity control. The delivered dose, experimentally determined by the drug deposition on a filter between the endotracheal tube and the test lung, was quantified with a UV\u2013Vis spectrometer. The particle size distribution of the aerosol entering the test lung was measured and used to model the lung deposited dose for healthy and diseased lungs.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The absolute humidifier at 0\u2009mg\/L added humidity led to a significantly higher delivered dose (37.2%) than the pass-over humidifiers (21.2% and 24.1%,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .01 for both), whereas the absolute humidifier at 25\u2009mg H\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O\/L added humidity led to a comparable dose (24.9%) as one of the pass-over humidifiers. All these test scenarios achieved sufficient humidity (&gt;33\u2009mg H\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O\/L) in the gas flow during nebulization. Regional lung deposition simulations suggest that &lt;10% of the nebulized dose deposits in healthy lungs for the pass-over humidifiers and around 16% for the absolute humidifier at 0\u2009mg\/L added humidity. Simulations also suggest that bronchial obstruction increases the deposited dose, whereas alveolar enlargement decreases the deposited dose.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The delivered dose and hence the simulated lung deposited dose was\u00a0improved by allowing independent humidity control during nebulization for adult invasive mechanical ventilation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/19433654261428090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T09:39:48Z","timestamp":1774863588000},"page":"827-836","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Effect of Independent Humidity Control on Aerosol Drug Delivery During Adult Invasive Mechanical Ventilation"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Madeline X.","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ms. Zhang, Dr. Bonn, and Dr. van Rijn are affiliated with the Institute of Physics, Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Huijgen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mr. Huijgen is affiliated with Medspray BV, Enschede, The Netherlands."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugo","family":"\u00d6hrneman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mr. \u00d6hrneman and Dr. L\u00f6ndahl are affiliated with the Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Bonn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ms. Zhang, Dr. Bonn, and Dr. van Rijn are affiliated with the Institute of Physics, Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cees J.M.","family":"van Rijn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ms. Zhang, Dr. Bonn, and Dr. van Rijn are affiliated with the Institute of Physics, Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9379-592X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakob","family":"L\u00f6ndahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mr. \u00d6hrneman and Dr. L\u00f6ndahl are affiliated with the Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/715434"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.08-0679"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-20-5665"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-013-2872-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.24449"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/cpm.0000000000000085"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00027-2021"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.09543"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-38281-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2022.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jamp.2023.0028"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.12283"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","first-page":"103","volume-title":"Respiratory Drug Delivery:","author":"Olsson B","year":"2018","unstructured":"Olsson B, , B\u00e4ckman P. Mimetikos Preludium\u2122: A New Pharma-friendly Aerosol Drug Deposition Calculator. In: Dalby RN, , Byron PR, , Traini D, , Farr SJ, , Suman JD, , Watts A., (eds.). Respiratory Drug Delivery:. Virginia Commonwealth University; 2018. 103\u2013111."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2020-214523"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jam.2004.17.357"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.12-1766"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax-2021-BTSabstracts.97"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/respcare.12942"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos10090530"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Human respiratory tract model for radiological protection. ICRP Publication 66","volume":"24","author":"ICRP","year":"1994","unstructured":"ICRP. 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