{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T06:05:16Z","timestamp":1792130716047,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,9]],"date-time":"2020-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594252800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Craniomaxillofacial Trauma &amp; Reconstruction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design:<\/jats:title><jats:p> This study presents a case-control study of 33 patients who underwent secondary orbital reconstruction, evaluating techniques and outcome. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p> Adequate functional and aesthetical appearance are main goals for secondary orbital reconstruction. Insufficient premorbid orbital reconstruction can result in hypoglobus, enophthalmos, and diplopia. Computer-assisted surgery and the use of patient-specific implants (PSIs) is widely described in the literature. The authors evaluate the use of selective laser-melted PSIs and hypothesize that PSIs are an excellent option for secondary orbital reconstruction. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p> The sample was composed of 33 patients, previously treated with primary orbital reconstruction, presenting themselves with indications for secondary reconstruction (i.e. enophthalmos, diplopia, or limited eye motility). Computed tomography and\/or cone beam data sets were assessed before and after secondary reconstruction comparing intraorbital volumes, infraorbital angles, and clinical symptoms. Clinical outcomes were assessed using a standardized protocol. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p> Results show a significant change in intraorbital volumes and a reduction of clinical symptoms after secondary reconstruction. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p> Outcomes of this study suggest that secondary orbital reconstruction can be performed routinely using selective laser-melted PSIs and titanium spacers. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1943387520935004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,9]],"date-time":"2020-07-09T17:28:14Z","timestamp":1594315694000},"page":"29-35","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Computer-Assisted Secondary Orbital Reconstruction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Daman D.","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral-, Maxillo- and Plastic Facial Surgery, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4301-0693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lara","family":"Schorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral-, Maxillo- and Plastic Facial Surgery, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. 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