{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T20:41:53Z","timestamp":1772916113049,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,20]],"date-time":"2022-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671494400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Craniomaxillofacial Trauma &amp; Reconstruction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p> Cadaveric investigation. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p> Rigid internal fixation (RIF) using plates and screws is often not feasible in low and middle-income countries due to limited resources. Interosseous wiring to achieve semi-rigid fixation is often used, but lacks biomechanical force data. Herein we aim to quantitatively compare interosseous wiring to RIF. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p> Cadaveric mandibles were fractured at the parasymphysis and angle. Fixation was achieved using interosseous wiring in both single wire loop and figure-of-eight formations, as well as plate and screw fixation (n = 5 for each fixation type at each fracture site). A force gauge was used to measure the number of Newtons (N) required to achieve diastasis and complete failure at the fixation site. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p> For angle fractures, the mean force required for initial diastasis was 4.1, 5.9, and 10.9\u00a0N for single wire, figure-of-eight wiring, and plating respectively ( P &lt; .001). Complete failure was achieved with 152.9, 168.9, and 237.6\u00a0N of force for the three methods, respectively ( P &lt; .001). Complete failure was achieved for parasymphyseal fractures with 197.7, 263.0, and 262.8\u00a0N of force for single wire, figure-of-eight wiring, and plating respectively ( P = .002). Forces to achieve initial diastasis for parasymphyseal fractures were not statistically significant among the three fixation methods ( P = .29). <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p> Figure-of-eight interosseous wiring resists comparable forces across mandibular fractures compared to the gold standard of plating. In resource-limited settings when plates and screws are not available, this technique can be considered to achieve semi-rigid fixation of mandibular fractures. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/19433875221143605","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,20]],"date-time":"2022-12-20T15:47:41Z","timestamp":1671551261000},"page":"13-17","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Wire Osteosynthesis in the Treatment of Mandible Fractures in Low Resource Settings: A Force Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Shekhar K.","family":"Gadkaree","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4324-8113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adeeb","family":"Derakhshan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Nyabenda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology \u2013 Head & Neck Surgery, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isaie","family":"Ncogoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology \u2013 Head & Neck Surgery, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gratien","family":"Tuyishimire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology \u2013 Head & Neck Surgery, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Shaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology \u2013 Head & Neck Surgery, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-19433875221143605","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Injuries and violence: The facts. https:\/\/www.who.int\/violence_injury_prevention\/key_facts\/en\/. 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