{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T16:38:54Z","timestamp":1790786334472,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]],"date-time":"2023-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685664000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Craniomaxillofacial Trauma &amp; Reconstruction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p> This retrospective cohort study utilized the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database for the years 2016\u20132018. Incidences of street fighting were identified using the corresponding ICD-10 codes. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p> To determine whether alcohol use (measured by blood alcohol content (BAC)) in patients sustaining maxillofacial trauma from hand-to-hand fighting influence hospitalization outcomes. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p> The primary predictor variable was BAC stratified into six categories of increasing magnitude. The primary outcome variable was mean length of hospital stay (days). The secondary outcome variable was total hospital charges (US dollars). <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p> Our final sample consisted of 3038 craniomaxillofacial fractures. Each additional year in age added +$545 in hospital charges ( P &lt; .01). Non-elective admissions added $14\u00a0210 in hospital charges ( P &lt; .05). Patients admitted in 2018 experienced approximately $7537 more in hospital charges ( P &lt; .01). Le Fort fractures (+$61\u00a0921; P &lt; .01), mandible fractures (+$13\u00a0227, P &lt; .01), and skull base fractures (+$22\u00a0170; P &lt; .05) were all independently associated with increased hospital charges. Skull base fractures added +7.6\u00a0days to the hospital stay ( P &lt; .01) and each additional year in patient age added +.1\u00a0days to the length of the hospital stay ( P &lt; .01). <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p> BAC levels did not increase length of stay or hospitalization charges. Le Fort fractures, mandible fractures, and skull base fracture each independently increased hospital charges. This reflects the necessary care (ie, ICU) and treatment (ie, ORIF) of such fractures. Older adults and elderly patients are associated with increased length of stay and hospital charges\u2014they are likely to struggle in navigating the healthcare system and face socioeconomic barriers to discharge. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/19433875231164705","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]],"date-time":"2023-06-02T23:31:00Z","timestamp":1685748660000},"page":"132-142","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Does Alcohol Use Influence Hospitalization Outcomes in Adults Suffering Craniomaxillofacial Fractures From Street Fighting?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2793-1492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dani","family":"Stanbouly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University College of Dental Medicine, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara J.","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack A.","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Arce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Section of Head and Neck Oncologic and Reconstructive Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-19433875231164705","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Injuries and violence. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/injuries-and-violence. 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