{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T04:21:23Z","timestamp":1742358083294,"version":"3.40.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]],"date-time":"2023-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Craniomaxillofacial Trauma &amp; Reconstruction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p> This was a retrospective study at Noma Children Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria, from January 2018 to December 2021. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p> The main objective of this appraisal was to present Braimah-Taiwo et al\u2019s new classification system for mandibulo-maxillary synostosis secondary to noma and also to provide a guide to their treatment. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p> Noma with mandibulo-maxillary synostosis was the main inclusion criteria. Excluded were cases of acute noma and noma without mandibulo-maxillary synostosis. Data retrieved include demographics of patients and extent of bony ankylosis and mandibulo-maxillary synostosis. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p> A total of 64 patients (30 (46.9%) males and 34 (53.1%) females) were managed. Ages ranged from 6 to 40 years with mean \u00b1 SD (18.2 \u00b1 7.6) years. Regarding the new classification system of mandibulo-maxillary synostosis, 6 (9.4%) patients presented with Type 1 (Mild joint obliteration)\u00b1Soft tissue scarring, 24 (37.5%) presented with Type II (Total joint obliteration)\u00b1Soft tissue scarring, 21 (32.8%) presented with Type III (Coronoid, zygoma and maxilla) \u00b1Soft tissue scarring, 4 (6.3%) presented with Type IV (Condyle, glenoid fossa, coronoid, sigmoid notch and zygoma) \u00b1Soft tissue scarring, 7 (10.9%) presented with Type V (Condyle, glenoid fossa, coronoid, sigmoid notch, zygoma and pterygo-maxilla) \u00b1Soft tissue scarring, while 2 (3.1%) patients presented with Type VI (condyle, glenoid fossa, coronoid, sigmoid notch, zygoma, pterygo-maxilla and the orbit) \u00b1Soft tissue scarring. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p> Pattern of tissue destruction in noma patients is complex involving both soft and hard tissues. This new classification will guide surgeons in the effective management of these patients. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/19433875231214071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]],"date-time":"2023-11-15T15:24:48Z","timestamp":1700061888000},"page":"279-290","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Braimah-Taiwo et al New Classification System and Treatment Algorithm of Mandibulo-Maxillary Synostosis Related to Noma. Field Experience From Noma Children Hospital Sokoto, Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7608-1965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramat Oyebunmi","family":"Braimah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. O.","family":"Taiwo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H. O.","family":"Olasoji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. N.","family":"Legbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery (Plastic Surgery Unit), Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Amundson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. A.","family":"Ibikunle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental & Maxillofacial Surgery, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7398-8732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"I. K.","family":"Suleiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Bala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B. 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