{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T15:01:54Z","timestamp":1790002914627,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784332800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000090","name":"Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HT9425-25-1-0126"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HT9425-25-1-0126"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000090","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Occupational Therapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Individuals with disabilities may require adaptations and modifications during swimming instruction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The purpose of this scoping review is to summarize the literature on adapted swim instruction including the following: (1) identifying adapted swim strategies; (2) determining which populations have received adapted swim instruction; and (3) identifying gaps in the research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data Sources<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Six databases were searched for records published on or before September 29, 2025, including: PubMed, Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE), Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), SportDiscus, Web of Science, and Education Resources Information Center (ERIC).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Selection and Data Collection<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Studies were included in this review if they were peer-reviewed, written in English, focused on beginner swimming skill instruction, included participants with disabilities and\/or instructors\/caregivers of individuals with disabilities, and consisted of original research studies. Studies were excluded if they were not peer-reviewed, not written in English, or not focused on beginning swim instruction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fifty-five studies met inclusion criteria and described interventions for individuals with disabilities. Studies discussed 26 adaptive strategies utilized for swimming instruction. Two studies were Oxford Level 2 studies, indicating randomized-controlled trials and definitive observational studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is a lack of robust, high-quality studies on adapted swim instruction, indicating a need for future studies to strengthen the evidence base.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/19437676261464064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T11:31:05Z","timestamp":1784374265000},"page":"930-954","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Staying Afloat: A Scoping Review of the Literature on Adapted Swim Instruction"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"80","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0957-1905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine L.","family":"Long","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Florida International University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Kobza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seattle Children's Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5418-9502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tania Santiago","family":"Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Counseling, Recreation &amp; School Psychology at Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika","family":"Kemp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ohio State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5250-4188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tana B.","family":"Carson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florida International University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1744629516646513"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-017-3264-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1364557032000119616"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk4020027"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25035\/ijare.14.01.03"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-017-3456-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fresc.2024.1496185"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15394492221143048"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/apaq.28.4.326"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024 May 8). Swimming and your health. Healthy Swimming. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/healthy-swimming\/about\/?CDC_AAref_Val=https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/healthywater\/swimming\/swimmers\/health_benefits_water_exercise.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2025 September 29). Preventing drowning. Drowning Prevention.https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/drowning\/prevention\/index.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2012.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7320e1"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","first-page":"170","article-title":"Aquatic instructors\u2019 beliefs toward inclusion","volume":"35","author":"Conatser P.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Conatser P., Block M. (2001). Aquatic instructors\u2019 beliefs toward inclusion. Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 35(2), 170\u2013184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/apaq.19.2.172","journal-title":"Therapeutic Recreation Journal"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/apaq.17.2.197"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Parent perspectives on water safety for children with autism","author":"Cosart B. D.","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cosart B. D., Lawson K. A., Williams S. R., Lewis K. E., Namutebi R., Johnson M. B. (2025). Parent perspectives on water safety for children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-025-06819-7","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","unstructured":"Crankshaw K. (2023). Disability rates higher in rural areas than urban areas. United States Census Bureau. https:\/\/www.census.gov\/library\/stories\/2023\/06\/disability-rates-higher-in-rural-areas-than-urban-areas.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PEP.0000000000000235"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/v10078-012-0033-5"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","first-page":"4","article-title":"The effects of a physical therapy-directed aquatics program on children with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"19","author":"Ennis E.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ennis E. (2011). The effects of a physical therapy-directed aquatics program on children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Aquatic Physical Therapy, 19(1), 4\u201310.","journal-title":"Journal of Aquatic Physical Therapy"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1034912X.2021.1961212"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25035\/ijare.12.02.05"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/17518423.2011.575438"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5937\/scriptamed51-27423"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/apaq.17.3.269"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08856250701269705"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","unstructured":"Global Disability Summit. (2025). Global Disability Inclusion Report: Accelerating disability inclusion in a changing and diverse world (pp. 1\u201312). https:\/\/www.globaldisabilitysummit.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/GIP03351-UNICEF-GDIR-Summary-v5-WEB-Accessible.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25035\/ijare.12.04.02"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18063126"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","article-title":"Aquatic therapy in rehabilitation","author":"Hoogenboom B. J.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hoogenboom B. J., Lomax N. E. (2020). Aquatic therapy in rehabilitation. In Rehabilitation techniques for sports medicine and athletic training (7th ed., pp. 379\u2013404). Routledge.","journal-title":"Rehabilitation techniques for sports medicine and athletic training"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1998.86.1.111"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1998.tb15443.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0193945920948867"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5937\/specedreh1201051J"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1098300715576797"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1098300715576797"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_38_1","first-page":"12","article-title":"Teaching of swimming technique to children with autism: A pilot study","volume":"1","author":"Kafkas A.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kafkas A., \u00d6zen G. (2015). Teaching of swimming technique to children with autism: A pilot study. Journal of Rehabilitation and Health on Disability, 1(1), 12\u201320.","journal-title":"Journal of Rehabilitation and Health on Disability"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2024.1473328"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.2026.051459"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25035\/ijare.14.01.02"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2025.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2017.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Rise to the challenge: Examining the relationship of swimming & Autism Spectrum Disorders","volume":"5","author":"Kuhfuss E. P.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kuhfuss E. P., Lucas M. D. (2010). Rise to the challenge: Examining the relationship of swimming & Autism Spectrum Disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Special Education Professionals, 5, 1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.64546\/jaasep.114","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Special Education Professionals"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000841749606300103"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"A qualitative investigation of swimming experiences of children with autism spectrum disorders and their families","volume":"13","author":"Lawson L. M.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lawson L. M., D\u2019Adamo J., Campbell K., Hermreck B., Holz S., Moxley J., Nance K., Nolla M., Travis A. (2019). A qualitative investigation of swimming experiences of children with autism spectrum disorders and their families. Clinical Medicine Insights-Pediatrics, 13, 1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1179556519872214","journal-title":"Clinical Medicine Insights-Pediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5055\/ajrt.2014.0069"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5055\/ajrt.2017.0131"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5055\/ajrt.2019.0187"},{"issue":"59","key":"e_1_3_3_50_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Scoping studies: Advancing the methodology","volume":"5","author":"Levac D.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Levac D., Colquhoun H., O\u2019Brien K. K. (2010). Scoping studies: Advancing the methodology. Implementation Science, 5(59), 1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1748-5908-5-69","journal-title":"Implementation Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/215416471705200208"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Burden and risk factors of premature drowning mortality in 204 countries and territories, 1980-2021","volume":"15","author":"Liu Y.","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu Y., Luo D., Zhong P., Dang J., Shi D., Cai S., Chen Z., Fayaz M., Thangaraju P., Ma J., Zou Z., Song Y., Sawyer S. M. (2025). Burden and risk factors of premature drowning mortality in 204 countries and territories, 1980-2021. Scientific Reports, 15, 1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-05418-x","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_1","first-page":"30","article-title":"An evaluation of the benefits of Halliwick swimming on a child with mild spastic diplegia","author":"Mackinnon K.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Mackinnon K. (1997). An evaluation of the benefits of Halliwick swimming on a child with mild spastic diplegia. Association for Pediatric Chartered Physiotherapy Journal, 30\u201339.","journal-title":"Association for Pediatric Chartered Physiotherapy Journal"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11050657"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PXT.0000000000000011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10235557"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.105.3.777-787"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361309339496"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2010.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19148863"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.38.7.469"},{"issue":"64","key":"e_1_3_3_62_1","first-page":"789","article-title":"Swimming effects for young people with Autism Spectrum Disorder","volume":"16","author":"Pimenta R. A.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pimenta R. A., Zuchetto A. T., Bastos T., Corredeira R. (2016). Swimming effects for young people with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Revista Internacional De Medicina Y Ciencias De La Actividad Fisica Y Del Deporte, 16(64), 789\u2013806. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15366\/rimcafd2016.64.011","journal-title":"Revista Internacional De Medicina Y Ciencias De La Actividad Fisica Y Del Deporte"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.56984\/8ZG020A4EP"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0271121410369708"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_3_65_1","first-page":"663","article-title":"The development of Aquaexplorers module for special education teachers in Penang: A pilot study","volume":"14","author":"Samsudin N. A.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Samsudin N. A., Ahmad A. C., Gambir S. K. B. (2022). The development of Aquaexplorers module for special education teachers in Penang: A pilot study. International Journal of Early Childhood Special Education, 14(3), 663\u2013672. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.6909719","journal-title":"International Journal of Early Childhood Special Education"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/mlt-2016-0025"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25035\/ijare.02.04.11"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bin.1791"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5507\/euj.2015.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_71_1","unstructured":"Veritas Health Innovation. (2025). Covidence Systematic Review Software [Computer software]. www.covidence.org"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10112149"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192316250"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/injuryprev-2014-041216"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_75_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Preventing drowning: An implementation guide","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2017","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2017). Preventing drowning: An implementation guide. World Health Organization, 1\u2013116. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241511933","journal-title":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_76_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Global burden of drowning and risk factors across 204 countries from 1990 to 2021","volume":"15","author":"Xie Z.","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xie Z., Huang Z., Ran Q., Luo W., Du W. (2025). Global burden of drowning and risk factors across 204 countries from 1990 to 2021. Scientific Reports, 15, 1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-95486-w","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2012.687030"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2014.10.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/215416471004500311"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/215416471004500311"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/215416470504000208"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/215416471004500111"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-019-04128-4"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_3_84_1","first-page":"1258","article-title":"Adapted community-based group aquatic program for developing balance: A pilot intervention study involving children and adolescents with cerebral palsy","volume":"16","author":"Zverev Y.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zverev Y., Kurnikova M. (2016). Adapted community-based group aquatic program for developing balance: A pilot intervention study involving children and adolescents with cerebral palsy. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 16(4), 1258\u20131265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7752\/jpes.2016.04200","journal-title":"Journal of Physical Education and Sport"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Occupational Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/19437676261464064","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/19437676261464064","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/19437676261464064","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T14:13:03Z","timestamp":1789999983000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/19437676261464064"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/19437676261464064"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/19437676261464064","relation":{},"ISSN":["1943-7676","1943-7676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1943-7676","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-7676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]]}}}