{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T13:48:58Z","timestamp":1792590538519,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792540800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Kingfisher Institute at Creighton University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Occupational Therapy"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Documenting the origins, activities, and responses to the American Occupational Therapy Association's (AOTA) Multicultural Affairs Program (MAP) provides lessons that can inform future efforts to enhance workforce diversity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Describe the need for enhancing diversity in the OT workforce during the 1980s and 1990s, articulate AOTA's strategic and programmatic responses to that need, and explore colleagues\u2019 perceptions of MAP's work.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We used a qualitative historical design. Primary sources were articles in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">OT Week<\/jats:italic>\n                      (1987\u20131999) and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">OT Practice<\/jats:italic>\n                      (2000\u20132001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The need for a diverse workforce was related to staffing shortages, enhancing the culture of the profession, and meeting clients\u2019 needs. Data informed MAP's initiatives, which addressed recruitment, education, leadership, collaboration, and supporting organizational changes. MAP was discontinued abruptly in 1998 due to financial pressure. Colleagues valued MAP's work, as evidenced by attempts in 1999 to reinstate MAP and a report in 2001 requesting that AOTA develop infrastructure similar to MAP's.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>AOTA's MAP engaged in important data-informed programmatic activities which were valued by colleagues. Given that diversity and inclusion remain important priorities for the profession of OT, future efforts in these areas could build on previously used strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Impact<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Learning from past endeavors may enhance the sustainability and stakeholder engagement of modern-day efforts to improve workforce diversity and inclusion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/19437676261497929","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T13:25:28Z","timestamp":1792589128000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Expanding the Occupational Therapy Workforce (1987\u20132001): A Qualitative Historical Study With Implications for the Future"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5449-7724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Molly","family":"McCarthy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Allied Health Professions, University of Nebraska Medical Center","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Hogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Creighton University","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14427591.2012.711230"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","first-page":"7303420010","article-title":"AOTA Board expands vision 2025","volume":"73","author":"American Occupational Therapy Association","year":"2019","unstructured":"American Occupational Therapy Association. (2019). AOTA Board expands vision 2025. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 73(3), 7303420010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5014\/ajot.2019.733002","journal-title":"The American Journal of Occupational Therapy"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","unstructured":"American Occupational Therapy Association. (2023). AOTA 2023 workforce and compensation survey report. https:\/\/www.aota.org\/career\/state-of-the-profession\/what-do-practitioners-earn\/workforce-and-compensation-survey-report"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","unstructured":"American Occupational Therapy Association. (2025). 2024 AOTA Awards & Recognitions. https:\/\/www.aota.org\/community\/awards\/2024-awards"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14427591.2020.1833682"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03080226231153345"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.56.2.140"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","first-page":"7711505127","article-title":"Understanding the microaggressions experienced by students of color from their white professors in OT programs","volume":"77","author":"Frommer S.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Frommer S., Pierre J., Santomo G., Pineda C., Artiles J., Knis-Matthews L. (2023). Understanding the microaggressions experienced by students of color from their white professors in OT programs. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 77(Suppl. 2), 7711505127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5014\/ajot.2023.77S2-PO127","journal-title":"The American Journal of Occupational Therapy"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.2020.044214"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2022.100689"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hogan A. J. (2023). Underrepresented minority recruitment: Manpower as motivator in late twentieth-century occupational therapy and physical therapy. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 97(4) 614-640. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/bhm.2023.a922709","DOI":"10.1353\/bhm.2023.a922709"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15271544221118319"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-020-00930-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.2022.050054"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.2024.050601"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5944\/empiria.18.2009.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.59.5.487"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.54928"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","unstructured":"Lane P. Falkenstern C. & Bransberger P. (2024). Knocking at the college door: Projections of high school graduates. 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Breaking barriers for underrepresented minorities in the health professions. Healthforce Center at UCSF."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.2025.790605"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2025_AJSLP-25-00261"},{"issue":"29","key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","first-page":"31","article-title":"Creative approaches urged for expanding labor pool of allied health professionals","volume":"2","author":"American Occupational Therapy Association","year":"1988","unstructured":"*American Occupational Therapy Association. (1988). Creative approaches urged for expanding labor pool of allied health professionals. OT Week, 2(29), 31.","journal-title":"OT Week"},{"issue":"20","key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"AHA Study finds great need for recruiting OTs","volume":"3","author":"American Occupational Therapy Association","year":"1989","unstructured":"*American Occupational Therapy Association. (1989). AHA Study finds great need for recruiting OTs. OT Week, 3(20), 2.","journal-title":"OT Week"},{"issue":"39","key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","first-page":"10","article-title":"New AOTA position focuses on minority affairs","volume":"4","author":"American Occupational Therapy Association","year":"1990","unstructured":"*American Occupational Therapy Association. (1990). New AOTA position focuses on minority affairs. OT Week, 4(39), 10.","journal-title":"OT Week"},{"issue":"42","key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","first-page":"4","article-title":"AOTA Annual report: AOTA serves the interests of its members","volume":"7","author":"American Occupational Therapy Association","year":"1993","unstructured":"*American Occupational Therapy Association. (1993). AOTA Annual report: AOTA serves the interests of its members. OT Week, 7(42), 4\u20137.","journal-title":"OT Week"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","first-page":"8","article-title":"Task force examines diversity","volume":"9","author":"American Occupational Therapy Association","year":"1995","unstructured":"*American Occupational Therapy Association. (1995). Task force examines diversity. OT Week, 9(12), 8.","journal-title":"OT Week"},{"issue":"42","key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","first-page":"6","article-title":"Treasurer\u2019s report for year ending June 30, 1998","volume":"12","author":"American Occupational Therapy Association","unstructured":"*American Occupational Therapy Association. (1998a). Treasurer\u2019s report for year ending June 30, 1998. OT Week, 12(42), 6.","journal-title":"OT Week"},{"issue":"46","key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","first-page":"6","article-title":"AOTA realigns resources in changing environment","volume":"12","author":"American Occupational Therapy Association","unstructured":"*American Occupational Therapy Association. (1998b). AOTA realigns resources in changing environment. OT Week, 12(46), 6\u20137.","journal-title":"OT Week"},{"issue":"52","key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"Treasurer\u2019s report: Results for first quarter ended Sept. 30","volume":"12","author":"American Occupational Therapy Association","unstructured":"*American Occupational Therapy Association. (1998c). Treasurer\u2019s report: Results for first quarter ended Sept. 30. OT Week, 12(52), 2.","journal-title":"OT Week"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","article-title":"1999 RA resolutions","volume":"13","author":"American Occupational Therapy Association","unstructured":"*American Occupational Therapy Association. (1999a). 1999 RA resolutions. OT Week, 13(5), RA2\u2013RA12.","journal-title":"OT Week"},{"issue":"38","key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"Announcing an important new merger","volume":"13","author":"American Occupational Therapy Association","unstructured":"*American Occupational Therapy Association. (1999b). Announcing an important new merger. OT Week, 13(38), 2.","journal-title":"OT Week"},{"issue":"39","key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","article-title":"AOTA financial report (fiscal year 1998-\u201999)","volume":"13","author":"Barnes L.","year":"1999","unstructured":"*Barnes L. (1999, Oct 7). AOTA financial report (fiscal year 1998-\u201999). OT Week, 13(39), iii.","journal-title":"OT Week"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_1","first-page":"9","article-title":"AOTA financial report: Fiscal year 1999-2000","author":"Barnes L.","year":"2000","unstructured":"*Barnes L. (2000, Nov 6). AOTA financial report: Fiscal year 1999-2000. OT Practice, 9\u201310.","journal-title":"OT Practice"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_3_4_14_1","first-page":"22","article-title":"Black history month: Southern California caucus honors exceptional member","volume":"8","author":"Bentley J.","year":"1994","unstructured":"*Bentley J., Johnson J. (1994, February 24). Black history month: Southern California caucus honors exceptional member. OT Week, 8(8), 22\u201323.","journal-title":"OT Week"},{"issue":"48","key":"e_1_3_4_15_1","first-page":"14","article-title":"Reducing barriers for practitioners with disabilities","volume":"10","author":"Berg J.","year":"1996","unstructured":"*Berg J. (1996 Nov 28). Reducing barriers for practitioners with disabilities. OT Week, 10(48), 14\u201316.","journal-title":"OT Week"},{"issue":"35","key":"e_1_3_4_16_1","first-page":"20","article-title":"Representative assembly: Challenges of the future","volume":"8","author":"Campbell R. M.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Campbell R. M. (1994, Sept 1). Representative assembly: Challenges of the future. OT Week, 8(35), 20\u201321.","journal-title":"OT Week"},{"issue":"15","key":"e_1_3_4_17_1","first-page":"36","article-title":"Treating culturally diverse clientele at home","volume":"8","author":"Chin M.","year":"1994","unstructured":"*Chin M. (1994). Treating culturally diverse clientele at home. OT Week, 8(15), 36\u201337.","journal-title":"OT Week"},{"issue":"23","key":"e_1_3_4_18_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"Largest recruitment effort targets African-Americans","volume":"6","author":"Cotton T.","year":"1992","unstructured":"*Cotton T. (1992, June 15). Largest recruitment effort targets African-Americans. OT Week, 6(23), 15.","journal-title":"OT Week"},{"issue":"39","key":"e_1_3_4_19_1","first-page":"8","article-title":"AOTA Treasurer\u2019s report: Fiscal year ended June 30, 1997","volume":"11","author":"Ethridge D. B.","year":"1997","unstructured":"*Ethridge D. B. (1997, Sept 25). AOTA Treasurer\u2019s report: Fiscal year ended June 30, 1997. OT Week, 11(39), 8\u20139.","journal-title":"OT Week"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_3_4_20_1","first-page":"8","article-title":"AOTA Treasurer\u2019s report for the quarter ended Dec. 31, 1997","volume":"12","author":"Ethridge D. B.","year":"1998","unstructured":"*Ethridge D. B. (1998). AOTA Treasurer\u2019s report for the quarter ended Dec. 31, 1997. OT Week, 12(10), 8\u20139.","journal-title":"OT Week"},{"issue":"23","key":"e_1_3_4_21_1","first-page":"6","article-title":"Association shapes focus with updated strategic plan","volume":"12","author":"Fisher T.","unstructured":"*Fisher T. (1998a, June 4). Association shapes focus with updated strategic plan. OT Week, 12(23), 6\u20137.","journal-title":"OT Week"},{"issue":"47","key":"e_1_3_4_22_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"Strategic plan update","volume":"12","author":"Fisher T.","unstructured":"*Fisher T. (1998b). Strategic plan update. 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