{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T23:50:02Z","timestamp":1792108202385,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Genetic Testing and Molecular Biomarkers"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Obesity is a complex condition caused by environmental and hereditary factors. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the FTO (rs9939609) and melanocortin-4-receptor (MC4R) (rs17782313) genes have been strongly linked to an increased risk of obesity. This study sought to determine the relationship between these polymorphisms and their combined effects on the risk of obesity in Quetta, Pakistan.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 250 individuals (150 obese and 100 non-obese) aged 18\u201365 were recruited from Sardar Bahadur Khan Women\u2019s University, Bolan Medical Complex Hospital, and the overall Quetta population. Anthropometric measurements, lifestyle characteristics, and demographic information were gathered using standardized questionnaires. The fat mass and obesity associated FTO rs9939609 and Melanocortin-4-receptor MC4R rs17782313 genes were genotyped using the amplification refractory mutation system polymerase chain reaction method.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Both SNPs were associated with obesity across multiple genetic models. For FTO rs9939609, the risk variant significantly increased obesity susceptibility under co-dominant (odds ratio [OR] = 4.13,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.010), recessive (OR = 3.44,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.011), and dominant (OR = 1.91,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.013) models; Similarly, the MC4R rs17782313 variant demonstrated robust association in co-dominant (OR = 3.33 and 3.64,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.009), recessive (OR = 3.37,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.002), and dominant models (OR = 1.88,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.037). Both SNPs deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in the obese group, indicating possible selection pressure; risk genotypes were also significantly associated with higher body mass index, weight, and waist-hip ratio (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, combined genotype analysis revealed that the MC4R\/FTO variant combination TT\/AA (OR = 0.19,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.006) and CC\/AT (OR = 0.12,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.002) were significantly predictive of obesity status compared to the wild-type baseline.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study shows a clear correlation between the higher incidence of obesity in Quetta, Pakistan, and the FTO rs9939609 and MC4R rs17782313 polymorphisms. These results of the study play an important role in genetic screening for the evaluation of obesity risk and play an essential role in research related to the role of genetic variables in public health initiatives aimed at preventing obesity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/19450265261481765","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T09:44:29Z","timestamp":1788860669000},"page":"289-297","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fat Mass and Obesity Associated (FTO) and Melanocortin 4 Receptor (MC4R) Gene Variants as Prognostic Markers of Obesity in Quetta City"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8009-0462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadia","family":"Ewaz Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Sardar Bahadur Khan Women University, Quetta, Pakistan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6053-6374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nabeela","family":"Tariq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Sardar Bahadur Khan Women University, Quetta, Pakistan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gendis.2017.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","first-page":"365","article-title":"Association of fat Mass and Obesity-Associated (FTO) gene rs9939609 variant with obesity among multi-ethnic Malaysians in Kampar, Perak","volume":"42","author":"Chey W-W","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chey W-W, , Fan S-H, , Say Y-H. Association of fat Mass and Obesity-Associated (FTO) gene rs9939609 variant with obesity among multi-ethnic Malaysians in Kampar, Perak. Sains Malays 2013;42:365\u2013371.","journal-title":"Sains Malays"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S199542"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","first-page":"183","article-title":"Obesity risk and preference for high dietary fat intake are determined by FTO rs9939609 gene polymorphism in selected Indonesian adults","volume":"28","author":"Daya M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Daya M, , Pujianto DA, , Witjaksono F, et al. Obesity risk and preference for high dietary fat intake are determined by FTO rs9939609 gene polymorphism in selected Indonesian adults. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2019;28(1):183\u2013191.","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","unstructured":"Dean AG Sullivan KM Soe M. (2013) Open source epidemiologic statistics for public health. Available from: http:\/\/www.openepi.com\/Menu\/OE_Menu.html [Last accessed: April6 2026]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db10-0370"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-27302009000200003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030153"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2019.2430"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","first-page":"147","article-title":"Quetelet\u2019s index (W\/H2) as a measure of fatness","volume":"9","author":"Garrow JS","year":"1985","unstructured":"Garrow JS, , Webster J. Quetelet\u2019s index (W\/H2) as a measure of fatness. Int J Obes 1985;9(2):147\u2013153.","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(17)30200-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2009.53"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2011.131"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2012.87"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-023-00709-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/72.5.1067"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.242"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_1","article-title":"Association of Genetic Variant in MC4R (rs17782313) gene with obesity and other health behaviors among selected bangladeshi population: A population-based case-control study","author":"Jhily NJ","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jhily NJ, , Shill LC, , Supti DA, et al. Association of Genetic Variant in MC4R (rs17782313) gene with obesity and other health behaviors among selected bangladeshi population: A population-based case-control study. medRxiv 2023","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_1","first-page":"248","article-title":"Association of polymorphic variants of FTO and MC4R genes with obesity in a Tatar population","volume":"51","author":"Kochetova O","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kochetova O, , Korytina G, , Akhmadishina L, et al. Association of polymorphic variants of FTO and MC4R genes with obesity in a Tatar population. Genetika 2015;51:248\u2013255.","journal-title":"Genetika"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2008.00481.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.140"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cels.2021.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/rp.56.1.359"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5001\/omj.2019.09"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cegh.2024.101621"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000000617"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12644"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2350-9-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C8RA00695D"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000916"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24101892"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db08-0214"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25073\/2588-1132\/vnumps.4107"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000517"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_1","first-page":"177","article-title":"Combined effect of FTO and MC4R gene polymorphisms on obesity in children and adolescents in Northwest China: A case-control study","volume":"28","author":"Yang Y","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang Y, , Gao X, , Tao X, et al. Combined effect of FTO and MC4R gene polymorphisms on obesity in children and adolescents in Northwest China: A case-control study. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2019;28:177\u2013182.","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/2404"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.12113"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.1538"}],"container-title":["Genetic Testing and Molecular Biomarkers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/19450265261481765","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/19450265261481765","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/19450265261481765","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T23:18:26Z","timestamp":1792106306000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/19450265261481765"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/19450265261481765"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/19450265261481765","relation":{},"ISSN":["1945-0265","1945-0257"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-0265","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-0257","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]}}}