{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T14:31:12Z","timestamp":1777386672765,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,20]],"date-time":"2021-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616198400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Am J Rhinol\ufffdAllergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Acquiring proficiency for the repair of a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak is challenging in great part due to its relative rarity, which offers a finite number of training opportunities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The purpose of this study was to evaluates the use of a 3-dimensional (3D) printed, anatomically accurate model to simulate CSF leak closure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Volunteer participants completed two simulation sessions. Questionnaires to assess their professional qualifications and a standardized 5-point Likert scale to estimate the level of confidence, were completed before and after each session. Participants were also queried on the overall educational utility of the simulation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirteen otolaryngologists and 11 neurosurgeons, met the inclusion criteria. A successful repair of the CSF leak was achieved by 20\/24 (83.33%), and 24\/24 (100%) during the first and second simulation sessions respectively (average time 04:04\u2009\u00b1\u20091.39 and 02:10\u2009\u00b1\u200901:11). Time-to-close-the-CSF-leak during the second session was significantly shorter than the first (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Confidence scores increased across the training sessions (3.3\u2009\u00b1\u20091.0, before the simulation, 3.7\u2009\u00b1\u20090.6 after the first simulation, and 4.2\u2009\u00b1\u20090.4 after the second simulation; p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). All participants reported an increase in confidence and believed that the model represented a valuable training tool.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite significant differences with varying clinical scenarios, 3D printed models for cerebrospinal leak repair offer a feasible simulation for the training of residents and novice surgeons outside the constrictions of a clinical environment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/19458924211003537","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,20]],"date-time":"2021-03-20T03:48:26Z","timestamp":1616212106000},"page":"802-808","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Simulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak Repair Using a 3-Dimensional Printed Model"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7344-4962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhamed A.","family":"Masalha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Technion Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel"},{"name":"Department of Academy and Research, Assuta Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Ben Gurion University, Tel Aviv, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyle K.","family":"VanKoevering","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery, Michigan University, Ann Arbor, Michigan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Omar S.","family":"Latif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Allison R.","family":"Powell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery, Michigan University, Ann Arbor, Michigan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashley","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery, Michigan University, Ann Arbor, Michigan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keren H.","family":"Hod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Academy and Research, Assuta Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Ben Gurion University, Tel Aviv, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel M.","family":"Prevedello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery, The James Cancer Hospital at the Wexner Medical Center of The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio"},{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, The James Cancer Hospital at The Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ricardo L.","family":"Carrau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery, The James Cancer Hospital at the Wexner Medical Center of The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio"},{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, The James Cancer Hospital at The Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, 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