{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T06:26:43Z","timestamp":1788935203309,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]],"date-time":"2022-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660003200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Am J Rhinol\ufffdAllergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>COVID-19 has been associated with temporary olfactory dysfunction in many infected patients. Calcium plays a great role in the olfaction process with negative feedback for the olfaction transmission. Many reports demonstrated calcium elevation in the nasal secretions with a negative effect on olfaction. Sodium gluconate is a water-soluble salt with a chemical structure that lends to act as a highly efficient chelating agent. It can bind the elevated calcium in the nasal secretions reducing the adverse effects on olfactory function.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the impact of intranasal sodium gluconate on decreasing the rise of nasal calcium and improving the sense of smell in patients with olfactory dysfunction post-COVID-19 infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fifty patients with a history of confirmed COVID-19 suffering from olfactory dysfunction persisted more than 90 days after severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 negative testing were included in a prospective randomized blinded controlled clinical trial. Patients were divided into 2 equal groups, receiving either 0.9% sodium chloride or 1% sodium gluconate. Olfactory function was assessed before treatment and 1 month later using the Sniffin\u2019 Sticks test. Quantitative analysis of the nasal calcium concentration was performed before treatment and 1 month later using a laboratory-designed screen-printed ion-selective electrode.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>After using sodium gluconate, the measured olfactory scores indicated a clinical improvement from anosmia to hyposmia compared to the nonimprovement sodium chloride receiving group. Also, a remarked decrease in the calcium nasal concentration was observed after using sodium gluconate compared to sodium chloride.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Based on the proposed results, sodium gluconate may associate with an improvement of the olfactory dysfunction post-COVID-19 infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/19458924221120116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]],"date-time":"2022-08-09T03:46:10Z","timestamp":1660016770000},"page":"841-848","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Effect of Sodium Gluconate on Decreasing Elevated Nasal Calcium and Improving Olfactory Function Post COVID-19 Infection"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Mohamed H.","family":"Abdelazim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Al-Azhar University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8907-3497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed H.","family":"Abdelazim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Al-Azhar University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2020.108448"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhin20.140"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200404000-00026"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/385725a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2020.0832"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.582802"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.24941"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5955(98)00230-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","first-page":"130","article-title":"Decreasing nasal mucus Ca improves hyposmia","volume":"43","author":"Panagiotopoulos G","year":"2005","unstructured":"Panagiotopoulos G, Naxakis S, Papavasiliou A, et al. Decreasing nasal mucus Ca improves hyposmia. Rhinology. 2005;43(2):130\u2013134.","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-15-05630.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2000.83.1.501"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.200308888"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002329900081"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2011-4549"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1091581818814189"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/22.1.39"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rumeau C Nguyen D Jankowski R. How to assess olfactory performance with the Sniffin' Sticks test\u00ae. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis. 2016;133(3):203\u2013206.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anorl.2015.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjm058"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjp029"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-018-5248-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anorl.2015.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.23405"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2012.05.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjaa040"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","first-page":"402","article-title":"Sniffing out the evidence; it\u2019s now time for public health bodies recognize the link between COVID-19 and smell and taste disturbance","volume":"58","author":"Lechien JR","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lechien JR, Hopkins C, Saussez S. Sniffing out the evidence; it\u2019s now time for public health bodies recognize the link between COVID-19 and smell and taste disturbance. Rhinology. 2020;58(4):402\u2013403.","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3342\/kjorl-hns.2018.00766"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhino16.054"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/coa.12789"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Rhinology &amp; Allergy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/19458924221120116","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/19458924221120116","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/19458924221120116","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T09:37:30Z","timestamp":1777369050000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/19458924221120116"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/19458924221120116"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/19458924221120116","relation":{},"ISSN":["1945-8924","1945-8932"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-8924","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-8932","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]]}}}