{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T02:07:48Z","timestamp":1792030068608,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]],"date-time":"2022-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660176000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Am J Rhinol\ufffdAllergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nearly 40% of patients who experience smell loss during SARS-CoV-2 infection may develop qualitative olfactory dysfunction, most commonly parosmia. Our evidence-based review summarizes the evolving literature and offers recommendations for the clinician on the management of patients experiencing parosmia associated with COVID-19.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We performed a systematic search using independent queries in PubMed, Embase, Ovid, and Cochrane databases, then categorized articles according to themes that emerged regarding epidemiology, effect on quality of life, disease progression, prognosis, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of parosmia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We identified 123 unique references meeting eligibility and performed title and abstract review with 2 independent reviewers, with 74 articles undergoing full-text review. An inductive approach to thematic development provided 7 central themes regarding qualitative olfactory dysfunction following COVID-19.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While other respiratory viruses are known to cause qualitative olfactory disturbances, the incidence of parosmia following COVID-19 is notable, and correlates negatively with age. The presence of parosmia predicts persistent quantitative olfactory dysfunction. Onset can occur months after infection, and symptoms may persist for well over 7 months. Affected patients report increased anxiety and decreased quality of life. Structured olfactory training with essential oils is the preferred treatment, where parosmia predicts recovery of aspects of quantitative smell loss when undergoing training. There is limited evidence that nasal corticosteroids may accelerate recovery of olfactory function. Patients should be prepared for the possibility that symptoms may persist for years, and providers should guide them to resources for coping with their psychosocial burden.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/19458924221120117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]],"date-time":"2022-08-12T02:12:29Z","timestamp":1660270349000},"page":"95-101","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Qualitative Olfactory Dysfunction and COVID-19: An Evidence-Based Review with Recommendations for the Clinician"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4650-555X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph B.","family":"Gary","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liam","family":"Gallagher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1198-9622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paule V.","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA"},{"name":"National Institute of Nursing Research, Bethesda, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Reed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1938-9349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David A.","family":"Gudis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York\u2013Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1152-2512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan B.","family":"Overdevest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York\u2013Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-19458924221120117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/coa.13620"},{"key":"bibr2-19458924221120117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-020-05965-1"},{"key":"bibr3-19458924221120117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0916-2"},{"key":"bibr4-19458924221120117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjab006"},{"key":"bibr5-19458924221120117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.03.18.21253862"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr6-19458924221120117","first-page":"26","volume":"59","author":"Hopkins C","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rhinol J"},{"key":"bibr7-19458924221120117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01283-z"},{"key":"bibr8-19458924221120117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-004-0796-y"},{"key":"bibr9-19458924221120117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acr019"},{"key":"bibr10-19458924221120117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/27.7.611"},{"key":"bibr11-19458924221120117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00016480510043954"},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr12-19458924221120117","first-page":"1","volume":"58","author":"Boscolo-Rizzo P","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"bibr13-19458924221120117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489.2012.659759"},{"key":"bibr14-19458924221120117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-006-0157-0"},{"key":"bibr15-19458924221120117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2014.1675"},{"issue":"9","key":"bibr16-19458924221120117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0256998","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0256998","volume":"16","author":"Watson DLB","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"bibr17-19458924221120117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bju043"},{"key":"bibr18-19458924221120117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6815-13-8"},{"key":"bibr19-19458924221120117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10040892"},{"key":"bibr20-19458924221120117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/51.2.233"},{"key":"bibr21-19458924221120117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12070-021-02630-9"},{"key":"bibr22-19458924221120117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1991.01870170065015"},{"key":"bibr23-19458924221120117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599820931820"},{"issue":"9","key":"bibr24-19458924221120117","first-page":"865","volume":"45","author":"Hannum ME","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem Senses"},{"key":"bibr25-19458924221120117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22593"},{"key":"bibr26-19458924221120117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjaa041"},{"key":"bibr27-19458924221120117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.131.2.107"},{"key":"bibr28-19458924221120117","first-page":"2021.08.28.2126","author":"Ohla K","year":"2021","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"bibr29-19458924221120117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjab028"},{"key":"bibr30-19458924221120117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.29982"},{"key":"bibr31-19458924221120117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjab038"},{"key":"bibr32-19458924221120117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-05927-w"},{"key":"bibr33-19458924221120117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.26606"},{"key":"bibr34-19458924221120117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.29277"},{"key":"bibr35-19458924221120117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.132.12.1346"},{"key":"bibr36-19458924221120117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abc5801"},{"key":"bibr37-19458924221120117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.02.09.430314"},{"key":"bibr38-19458924221120117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-022-00112-9"},{"key":"bibr39-19458924221120117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22395"},{"key":"bibr40-19458924221120117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s003590050287"},{"key":"bibr41-19458924221120117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42399-021-00876-6"},{"key":"bibr42-19458924221120117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/26459"},{"key":"bibr43-19458924221120117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2021.01.031"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr44-19458924221120117","first-page":"3","volume":"47","author":"Rombaux P","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"bibr45-19458924221120117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000500558"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr46-19458924221120117","first-page":"27","volume":"60","author":"Gent JF","year":"1987","journal-title":"Yale J Biol Med"},{"key":"bibr47-19458924221120117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10010062"},{"key":"bibr48-19458924221120117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.20955"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr49-19458924221120117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56847-4","volume":"10","author":"Liu DT","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"bibr50-19458924221120117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.12.641"},{"key":"bibr51-19458924221120117","unstructured":"AbScent. The smell training technique. Published 2022. Accessed June 28, 2022. https:\/\/abscent.org\/learn-us\/smell-training\/how-smell-train"},{"key":"bibr52-19458924221120117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.25245"},{"key":"bibr53-19458924221120117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.30101"},{"key":"bibr54-19458924221120117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10060698"},{"key":"bibr55-19458924221120117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22240"},{"key":"bibr56-19458924221120117","unstructured":"Overdevest JB. Unpublished data."},{"key":"bibr57-19458924221120117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-020-06567-7"},{"key":"bibr58-19458924221120117","first-page":"Doc06","volume":"4","author":"Welge-L\u00fcssen A","year":"2005","journal-title":"GMS Curr Top Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"bibr59-19458924221120117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-015-3701-y"},{"key":"bibr60-19458924221120117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.17050096"},{"key":"bibr61-19458924221120117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13554794.2011.568497"},{"key":"bibr62-19458924221120117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200211000-00031"},{"key":"bibr63-19458924221120117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-022-07424-5"},{"key":"bibr64-19458924221120117","unstructured":"Hummel T, Landis BN, H\u00fcttenbrink K-B. Smell and taste disorders. Accessed September 11, 2021. https:\/\/www.awmf.org\/leitlinien\/detail\/ll\/017-050.html"},{"key":"bibr65-19458924221120117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/26459"},{"key":"bibr66-19458924221120117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-021-02152-5"},{"key":"bibr67-19458924221120117","unstructured":"Anonymous. The Smell and Taste Association of North America. Published 2021. Accessed April 20, 2021. https:\/\/thestana.org\/"},{"key":"bibr68-19458924221120117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjaa038"},{"key":"bibr69-19458924221120117","unstructured":"Boateng K. The Smell Podcast. Published online 2021. https:\/\/www.thesmellpodcast.com\/"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Rhinology &amp; Allergy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/19458924221120117","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/19458924221120117","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/19458924221120117","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T09:37:30Z","timestamp":1777369050000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/19458924221120117"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/19458924221120117"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/19458924221120117","relation":{},"ISSN":["1945-8924","1945-8932"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-8924","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-8932","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]]}}}