{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T15:11:22Z","timestamp":1790867482186,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,9]],"date-time":"2023-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688860800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"the central guidance on local science and technology development fund of Tibet Autonomous Region","award":["XZ202301YD0024C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XZ202301YD0024C"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Grants of China","award":["81860186"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81860186"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Grants of China","award":["82160209"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82160209"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Am J Rhinol\ufffdAllergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is subdivided into type 1 and type 2 inflammatory responses according to the mucosal inflammatory patterns. Crocin can reduce the level of T-helper type 2 cell (Th2) cytokines, such as interleukin-4 (IL-4), and inhibit the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-\u03baB) signaling pathway.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the role of group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) in type 2 inflammation in eosinophilic nasal polyps and the inhibitory effect of crocin on this inflammation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence were used to detect the expression of transcription factors and the infiltration of ILC2s in tissues. An ILC2 stimulation model in vitro was constructed based on IL-33 stimulation and treated with crocin. The explant models were constructed and treated with crocin to detect the expression of type 2 inflammation-related factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Significantly more GATA-binding protein-3 (GATA3)-positive cells and chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on T-helper type 2 cell (CRTH2)-positive cells, but fewer T-box expressed in T cell (T-bet)-positive cells, were found in eosinophilic nasal polyps (NPwEos). The expression levels of GATA3 and CRTH2 were significantly higher in NPwEos. Recombinant IL-33 stimulation increased the expression of GATA3, CRTH2, and type 2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13) in ILC2s. In an IL-33-stimulated in vitro ILC2 culture model, crocin inhibited the type 2 inflammatory response, especially at lower concentrations (10\u2005\u00b5M). The explant organoids of NPwEos were constructed in vitro, and Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B (SEB) was used to construct the type 2 inflammation model. Crocin at 10\u2005\u00b5M concentration inhibited type 2 inflammation induced by SEB-stimulated explants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Crocin inhibited type 2 inflammation induced by ILC2 activation at low concentrations via inhibiting the activation of NF-\u03baB.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/19458924231185296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]],"date-time":"2023-07-10T02:40:05Z","timestamp":1688956805000},"page":"656-669","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Crocin Inhibits the Type 2 Inflammatory Response Produced by ILC2s in Eosinophilic Nasal Polyps"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Xu","family":"Xiaodong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Otorhinolaryngology, People's Hospital of Tibet Autonomous Region, Lhasa, Tibet, China"},{"name":"Tibet University, Lhasa, Tibet, China"},{"name":"The Department of Otorhinolaryngology, People's Hospital of Shannan City in Tibet Autonomous Region, Shannan, Tibet, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Otorhinolaryngology, People's Hospital of Tibet Autonomous Region, Lhasa, Tibet, China"},{"name":"The Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Peking University Third Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liu","family":"Jianmin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery of West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"},{"name":"The Department of Otorhinolaryngology, People's Hospital of Deyang City in Sichuan province, Deyang, Sichuan, 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