{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T15:11:50Z","timestamp":1786374710929,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776902400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010101","name":"Taichung Veterans General Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TCVGH-1087004C, TCVGH-1097007D, and TCVGH-T1107804"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCVGH-1087004C, TCVGH-1097007D, and TCVGH-T1107804"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010101","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020950","name":"National Science and Technology Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSC113-2314-B-005-001 and NSC113-2314-B-005-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSC113-2314-B-005-001 and NSC113-2314-B-005-002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020950","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Am J Rhinol\ufffdAllergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The human respiratory tract hosts a complex microbial ecosystem. The host immune status plays an important role in regulating the microbial composition at different body sites, including the nasal cavity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study investigated the effects of immune disorders on nasal microbial colonization and explored Aspergillus detection methods in immunodeficient hosts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nasal swabs from healthy volunteers, patients with allergic airway disease, and immunodeficient patients were analyzed using 16S rRNA bacterial and ITS2 fungal microbiome analyses. Aspergillus colonization in immunodeficient individuals was examined using conventional methods (galactomannan testing, quantitative PCR, and fungal culture). The effects of nasal irrigation on fungal colonization were also evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>No significant differences in the overall microbial composition were found between the healthy, allergic, and immunodeficient groups; however, distinct features were observed within each group. Immunodeficient patients showed higher Aspergillus DNA concentrations and positive culture rates than healthy controls. Nasal irrigation significantly decreased Aspergillus DNA concentration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study highlights the complex relationship between the immune system and airway microbiota. Although microbiome analysis may not be optimal for analyzing upper respiratory tract microbiology in immunomodulated patients, nasal irrigation could potentially reduce fungal colonization in immunocompromised individuals at risk of developing infections.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/19458924261436615","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T14:42:07Z","timestamp":1776955327000},"page":"374-383","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Nasal Microbiota in Immune Disorders: Bacterial and Fungal Colonization Patterns and Aspergillus Detection Methods"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2530-6685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai-Li","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Taichung Veterans General Hospital"},{"name":"School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8280-6029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rong-San","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Tungs\u2019 Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Hsing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan"},{"name":"Taichung Veterans General Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pi-Han","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tunghai University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chin-Fu","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tungs\u2019 Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ching-Yun","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Taichung Veterans General Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mpmed.2020.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.12.621"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00700"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094744"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202505-543ST"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-01212-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2025-0046MA"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2021.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0114-2022"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.23132"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.05026-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-005-0028-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000350329"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14620"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2024.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhin20.600"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25084154"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00215-22"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1209724"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1397733"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2020.03.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2021.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-021-01842-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-019-0703-z"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Rhinology &amp; 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