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Eligible studies included case reports, case series, and observational studies. Extracted variables included demographics, symptoms, diagnostic findings, treatments, and outcomes. Data was summarized as means, proportions, and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Risk of bias was assessed with the Joanna Briggs Institute tool.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sixty-eight studies (n\u2009=\u2009369) were included. Mean age was 39.6 years (95% CI: 37.7-41.5), and 66.5% were female. The average interval from symptom onset to diagnosis was 61.7 months (95% CI: 35.8-87.6). Common presenting symptoms included nasal obstruction (39.3%), rhinorrhea (29.1%), and crusting (26.4%). Extra-nasal manifestations were frequent, particularly cutaneous involvement (39.1%) and peripheral lymphadenopathy (29.7%). Abnormal nasal endoscopy commonly demonstrated nasal crusting (38.2%) and mucosal inflammation (38.1%). Histological confirmation was most often obtained via sinonasal mucosal biopsy (75.4%). Systemic corticosteroids were the predominant first-line therapy, with 77.0% of patients demonstrating clinical improvement, though prolonged treatment courses and relapses were common.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is typically a prolonged delay between the onset of symptoms and the diagnosis of SNS. Understanding the common presenting symptoms, endoscopic features, and laboratory findings may facilitate proper diagnosis and treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/19458924261452837","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T06:04:07Z","timestamp":1779516247000},"page":"555-566","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Clinical Characteristics, Diagnostic Features, and Medical Treatment of Sinonasal Sarcoidosis: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Cali","family":"Loblundo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical University of South Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priyanka","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical University of South Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1272-2281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaun A.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical University of South Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6480-0275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodney J.","family":"Schlosser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical University of South Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pete","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical University of South Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4304-595X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zachary M.","family":"Soler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical University of South Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2010.05.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10040766"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0091-6749(99)70421-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/coa.13814"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00016489.2019.1698767"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-019-05388-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2014.28.4061"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2018.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax-2025-223014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlg.0000147928.06390.db"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7860\/JCDR\/2018\/36637.12144"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SMJ.0b013e3181ebcda5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.93.01030269"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.md.0000236955.79966.07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2500\/105065800782102753"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","first-page":"177","article-title":"Interest of [18F]FDG PET\/CT for treatment efficacy assessment in aggressive phenotype of sarcoidosis with special emphasis on sinonasal involvement","volume":"57","author":"Imperiale A","year":"2013","unstructured":"Imperiale A, Riehm S, Braun JJ. 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