{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T05:53:44Z","timestamp":1791525224416,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781136000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2021R1A2C2010811"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2021R1A2C2010811"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2023-00220853"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00220853"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Am J Rhinol\ufffdAllergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) comprises heterogeneous eosinophilic (type-2) and neutrophilic (type-1\/3) endotypes, yet existing murine models rarely distinguish them or compare their therapeutic responsiveness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Seven-week-old female C57BL\/6N mice received intranasal instillations three times weekly for 4 or 12 weeks with either (1) a clinically relevant airborne allergen cocktail (house dust mite [HDM], Aspergillus fumigatus, Alternaria alternata, and Staphylococcus aureus protease) to induce eosinophilic CRS (ECRS) or (2) an innate stimulus mixture (lipopolysaccharide, \u03b2-1,3-glucan, and S. aureus protease) to induce neutrophilic CRS (NCRS). A parallel cohort received weekly dexamethasone administration (2 mg\/kg). Endpoints included flow cytometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, quantitative PCR, histology, and immunofluorescence assays.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Four-week allergen exposure produced a pure ECRS phenotype characterized by robust tissue eosinophilia, type-2 cytokines, and marked responsiveness to dexamethasone. Extending allergen delivery to 12 weeks generated mixed CRS with superimposed neutrophilia, upregulation of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Il1b\/Tgfb1<\/jats:italic>\n                      , mucus hypersecretion, and attenuated steroid efficacy. Innate stimulus treatment yielded a steroid-resistant NCRS phenotype dominated by neutrophils, elevated\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Ifng\/Il17a<\/jats:italic>\n                      expression, and minimal type-2 biomarkers. Systemic eotaxin and HDM-specific immunoglobulin E mirrored those found in local eosinophilia, whereas circulating granulocytes remained unchanged across groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>By adjusting the stimulus type and duration, we established tunable murine models that recapitulate pure ECRS, mixed CRS, and steroid-resistant NCRS within a single genetic background. These paired models provide a versatile platform for dissecting endotype-specific mechanisms and evaluating tailored interventions, highlighting the potential importance of early, phenotype-directed CRS therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/19458924261456360","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T09:16:39Z","timestamp":1781169399000},"page":"512-523","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Murine Eosinophilic and Neutrophilic Chronic Rhinosinusitis Models Reveal Phenotype-Specific Steroid Responses"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Miran","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yonsei University College of 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