{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T06:38:55Z","timestamp":1777876735364,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,1]],"date-time":"2013-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1370044800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neuroradiol J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Anatomical knowledge of the cranial nerves (CN) is fundamental in education, research and clinical practice. Moreover, understanding CN-related pathology with underlying neuroanatomy and the resulting neurological deficits is of vital importance. To facilitate CN knowledge anatomy and pathology understanding, we created an atlas of CN-related disorders, which is a three-dimensional (3D) interactive tool correlating CN pathology with the underlying surface and sectional neuroanatomy as well as the resulting neurological deficits. A computer platform was developed with: 1) anatomy browser along with the normal brain atlas (built earlier); 2) simulator of CN lesions; 3) tools to label CN-related pathology; and 4) CN pathology database with lesions and disorders, and the resulting signs, symptoms and\/or syndromes. The normal neuroanatomy comprises about 2,300 3D components subdivided into modules. Cranial nerves contain more than 600 components: all 12 pairs of cranial nerves (CN I \u2013 CN XII) and the brainstem CN nuclei. The CN pathology database was populated with 36 lesions compiled from clinical textbooks. The initial view of each disorder was preset in terms of lesion location and size, surrounding surface and sectional neuroanatomy, and disorder and neuroanatomy labeling. Moreover, path selection from a CN nucleus to a targeted organ further enhances pathology-anatomy relationships. This atlas of CN-related disorders is potentially useful to a wide variety of users ranging from medical students and residents to general practitioners, neuroradiologists and neurologists, as it contains both normal brain anatomy and CN-related pathology correlated with neurological disorders presented in a visual and interactive way.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/197140091302600303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,22]],"date-time":"2015-04-22T17:40:15Z","timestamp":1429724415000},"page":"263-275","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Three-Dimensional Interactive Atlas of Cranial Nerve-Related Disorders"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"W.L.","family":"Nowinski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Imaging Laboratory, Agency for Science Technology and Research; Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B.C.","family":"Chua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Imaging Laboratory, Agency for Science Technology and Research; Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-197140091302600303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/197140091302600110"},{"key":"bibr2-197140091302600303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.12.079"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr3-197140091302600303","first-page":"204","volume":"15","author":"Nowinski WL","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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