{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,21]],"date-time":"2026-06-21T17:37:12Z","timestamp":1782063432696,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]],"date-time":"2021-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624579200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neuroradiol J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>For infants presenting with subdural hemorrhage, retinal hemorrhage, and neurological decline the \u201cconsensus\u201d opinion is that this constellation represents child abuse and that cerebral venous sinus thrombosis and cortical vein thrombosis is a false mimic. This article contends that this conclusion is false for a subset of infants with no evidence of spinal, external head, or body injury and is the result of a poor radiologic evidence base and misinterpreted data. Underdiagnosis of thrombosis is the result of rapid clot dissolution and radiologic under recognition. A pre-existing\/chronic subdural hemorrhage predisposes to development of venous sinus thrombosis\/cortical vein thrombosis, triggered by minor trauma or an acute life-threatening event such as dysphagic choking, variably leading to retinal and subdural hemorrhages and neurologic decline. These conclusions are based on analysis of the neuroradiologic imaging findings in 11 infants, all featuring undiagnosed cortical vein or venous sinus thrombosis. Subtle neuroradiologic signs of and the mechanisms of thrombosis are discussed. Subarachnoid hemorrhage from leaking thrombosed cortical veins may be confused with acute subdural hemorrhage and probably contributes to the development of retinal hemorrhage ala Terson\u2019s syndrome. Chronic subdural hemorrhage rebleeding from minor trauma likely occurs more readily than bleeding from traumatic bridging vein rupture. Radiologists must meet the challenge of stringent evaluation of neuro imaging studies; any infant with a pre-existing subdural hemorrhage presenting with neurologic decline must be assumed to have venous sinus or cortical vein thrombosis until proven otherwise.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/19714009211026904","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]],"date-time":"2021-06-25T03:12:40Z","timestamp":1624590760000},"page":"53-66","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Chronic subdural hemorrhage predisposes to development of cerebral venous thrombosis and associated retinal hemorrhages and subdural rebleeds in infants"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1614-5277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dale F","family":"Vaslow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Harry S. Truman Veterans Administration Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.583542"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nec.2010.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200108093450604"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-012-2486-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000087598.05977.45"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/RMR.0b013e3180d0a455"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2014-306382"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1052-5149(02)00064-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra042354"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073811408090"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2007.06.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh412"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-012-2402-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.10.5977"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.26si055174"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-011-0875-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.10.5323"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-015-3399-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107755902237263"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PAF.0000000000000152"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-008-1084-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2012.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A3588"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A1004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2003.037739"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00707188"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.86.2.98"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-3019(02)00830-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1981.54.5.0637"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2012.12.PEDS12289"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","first-page":"1725","article-title":"Hematomas in infants with benign enlargement of the subarachnoid spaces are not pathognomonic for child abuse","volume":"27","author":"McNeely PD","year":"2006","unstructured":"McNeely PD, Atkinson JD, Saigal G, et\u00a0al. Hematomas in infants with benign enlargement of the subarachnoid spaces are not pathognomonic for child abuse. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2006; 27: 1725\u20131728.","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00306274"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000071315"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","first-page":"980","article-title":"Chronic subdural hemorrhage in infants","volume":"39","author":"Sherwood D.","year":"1930","unstructured":"Sherwood D. Chronic subdural hemorrhage in infants. Am J Dis Child 1930; 39: 980\u20131021.","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","first-page":"2","article-title":"Is \u201cshaken baby syndrome\u201d the malignant peak of a \u201cbenign hydrocephalus of infancy\u201d iceberg?","volume":"1","author":"Talbert DG.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Talbert DG. Is \u201cshaken baby syndrome\u201d the malignant peak of a \u201cbenign hydrocephalus of infancy\u201d iceberg? J Trauma Treatment 2012; 1: 2\u20136.","journal-title":"J Trauma Treatment"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.3.5615.400"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.12.PEDS15600"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-009-1212-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-010-1105-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A3989"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00062-014-0283-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-018-4149-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2010.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Findley KA Risinger DM Barnes PD et\u00a0al. Feigned consensus: Usurping the law in shaken baby syndrome\/abusive head trauma prosecutions. Wisconsin Law Review 2019; 5: 1211\u20131267.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3328996"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.13760"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1477750919851048"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","first-page":"299","article-title":"The \u201cConsensus statement on abusive head trauma in infants and young children.","volume":"59","author":"Papetti R","year":"2019","unstructured":"Papetti R, Kaneb P, Herf L. The \u201cConsensus statement on abusive head trauma in infants and young children.\u201d Santa Clara Law Rev 2019, 59: 299\u2013367.","journal-title":"Santa Clara Law Rev"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-015-3285-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_2","unstructured":"Haute Autorite de Sante. Syndrome du b\u00e9b\u00e9 secou\u00e9 ou traumatisme cr\u00e2nien non accidental par secouerment. 2017. Available at: www.has-sante.fr\/jcms\/c_2794425\/fr\/syndrome_du_bebe_secoue_ou_traumatisme_cranien_non_accidentel_par_secouement"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_2","first-page":"1913","article-title":"2D Time-of-flight MR venography in neonates: Anatomy and pitfalls","volume":"27","author":"Widjaja E","year":"2006","unstructured":"Widjaja E, Shroff M, Blaser S, et\u00a0al. 2D Time-of-flight MR venography in neonates: Anatomy and pitfalls. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2006; 27: 1913\u20131918.","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A1246"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurad.2007.01.124"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.47.2.121"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2014.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-013-2054-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-006-0175-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2013.10.JNS13272"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2967"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2350\/12-08-1232-OA.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2990.2003.00434.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-015-0646-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/foc.1999.7.4.6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-013-2184-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s007010050057"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_67_2","unstructured":"Mack J. Private communication."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spen.2010.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.07.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_70_2","first-page":"144","article-title":"Challenging the pathophysiologic connection between subdural hematoma, retinal hemorrhage and shaken baby syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Gabaeff SC.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gabaeff SC. Challenging the pathophysiologic connection between subdural hematoma, retinal hemorrhage and shaken baby syndrome. West J Emerg Med 2011; 12: 144\u2013158.","journal-title":"West J Emerg Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2016.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800680308"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2009.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-1598"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1990.73.2.0201"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1478271520053501025"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2003.99.5.0824"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1442-200X.2002.01500.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2016.12.PEDS16705"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-014-3443-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2007.02004.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2019.02.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01869185"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_84_2","unstructured":"Scheimberg I. Private communication."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000055951"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-012-2434-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zahl SM Mack JA Rossant C et\u00a0al. Thrombosis is not a marker of bridging vein rupture in infants with alleged abusive head trauma. Acta Paediatr 2021; 0: 1\u20139. online ahead of print. Available at: doi: 10.1111\/apa.15908.","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.15908"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_88_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pyloric stenosis as the cause of a venous hypertensive syndrome mimicing true shaken baby syndrome","volume":"1","author":"Talbert DG.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Talbert DG. Pyloric stenosis as the cause of a venous hypertensive syndrome mimicing true shaken baby syndrome. J Trauma Treat 2011; 1: 1\u201310.","journal-title":"J Trauma Treat"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leestma J. Forensic aspects of intracranial equilibria. In: Leestma J ed. Forensic neuropathology. 3rd ed. Boca Raton FL: CRC Press 2014 pp.364\u2013414.","DOI":"10.1201\/b16882-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2012.213"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PAF.0b013e3181edee5b"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23734"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_94_2","unstructured":"Galaznik J. Private communication."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_95_2","first-page":"216","article-title":"Diffusion-weighted imaging of acute excitoxic brain injury","volume":"26","author":"Moritani T","year":"2005","unstructured":"Moritani T, Smoker WRK, Sato Y, et\u00a0al. Diffusion-weighted imaging of acute excitoxic brain injury. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2005; 26: 216\u2013228.","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"}],"container-title":["The Neuroradiology Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/19714009211026904","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/19714009211026904","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/19714009211026904","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T22:36:14Z","timestamp":1777588574000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/19714009211026904"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/19714009211026904"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/19714009211026904","relation":{},"ISSN":["1971-4009","2385-1996"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1971-4009","type":"print"},{"value":"2385-1996","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]]}}}