{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T05:49:59Z","timestamp":1780552199512,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750982400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750982400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neuroradiol J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Metastatic pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNET) are exceedingly rare tumors that are typically diagnosed at the time of metastasis. Given the rarity of metastatic PitNET tumors, the pattern of metastasis and imaging appearance of CNS and extra neural metastasis is under reported and poorly understood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this retrospective case series, we present 14 consecutive patients with pathology-confirmed metastatic PitNET tumors. We assess imaging features of primary pituitary disease at the time of diagnosis, temporal evolution of local disease, and distant metastasis on multimodality imaging. We also explore potential association of initial pathology diagnosis and time to metastasis and survival.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      At the time of metastasis, nine patients had evidence of disease in the sella and three additional had evidence of disease in the cavernous sinus. The most common site of metastatic disease was the CNS (78.6%). Dural deposits were the most common brain CNS metastatic disease manifestation (81.8%). Eight patients (57.1%) demonstrated multiple metastatic disease sites, with five of them (62.5%) showing both CNS and extra CNS metastases. Osseous metastatic disease was the most common extra CNS disease site (75.0%). Median time to metastasis did not significantly differ between patients with adenoma and those with more aggressive pathologies at initial diagnosis (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      value = .39). Similarly, median overall survival from metastasis detection was not significantly affected by pathology (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      value = .84).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Metastatic PitNET is a rare neuroendocrine neoplasm. In the present case series, we detail temporal imaging findings of the disease at the primary site and patterns of metastasis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/19714009251356278","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T05:43:47Z","timestamp":1751003027000},"page":"222-230","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Imaging and clinical course of metastatic pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNET): A single center case series"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0155-7444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samir A","family":"Dagher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sahar","family":"Alizada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heba","family":"Al Qudah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven G","family":"Waguespack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Komal B","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7801-1015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rami W","family":"Eldaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.20412"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noab200"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2020.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19970215)79:4<804::AID-CNCR18>3.0.CO;2-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2012.01.029"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-014-0525-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-021-02954-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-94658-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noab106"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12022-022-09708-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12022-019-9568-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000375448"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-18-0795"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36401\/JIPO-22-25"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2020-001532"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","first-page":"610","article-title":"Pituitary adenomas with invasion of the cavernous sinus space: a magnetic resonance imaging classification compared with surgical findings","volume":"33","author":"Knosp E","year":"1993","unstructured":"Knosp E, Steiner E, Kitz K, et al. 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