{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T20:12:44Z","timestamp":1788811964355,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neuroradiol J"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Particle therapy involving the optic nerve may cause optic neuropathy. Knowledge of post-treatment imaging findings is important for early detection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate optic nerve and peri-optic enhancement following particle therapy for periorbital malignancies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective study included 16 patients with contrast-enhanced MRI after particle therapy (15 proton beam therapy and one heavy-ion radiotherapy), comprising 24 evaluated optic nerve sides. Two experienced neuroradiologists independently reviewed the reference and most recent follow-up MR images, and disagreements were resolved by consensus. Exploratory dose associations were evaluated using side-level logistic generalized estimating equations accounting for within-patient correlation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Grade 2 enhancement was observed in 7 of 16 patients (43.8%) and 9 of 24 sides (37.5%), involving the optic nerve in 6 sides and the peri-optic region in 7. Among 21 sides in 14 proton-treated patients, optic nerve enhancement was not significantly associated with maximum dose (OR per 10\u00a0Gy [RBE], 1.481; 95% CI, 0.883\u20132.482;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.137) but was nominally associated with BED\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      (OR, 1.705; 95% CI, 1.201\u20132.421;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.003). Peri-optic enhancement was not significantly associated with maximum dose (OR, 1.479; 95% CI, 0.734\u20132.980;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.274) or BED\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      (OR, 1.490; 95% CI, 0.999\u20132.222;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.051). One patient was clinically diagnosed with RION; no visual symptoms were documented in the remaining 15 patients.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Optic nerve or peri-optic enhancement may occur after particle therapy, including in patients without documented visual symptoms, and may represent subclinical radiation-related injury or nonspecific post-radiation changes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/19714009261487615","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T20:31:52Z","timestamp":1788553912000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optic and peri-optic enhancement as an imaging finding after particle therapy"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7649-5153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kentaro","family":"Yuba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keita","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryo","family":"Kimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshiyuki","family":"Ogata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takuya","family":"Kimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norihiro","family":"Aibe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kentaro","family":"Akazawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gen","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katsumi","family":"Hayakawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8123-3935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kei","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.09.4122"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/rycan.230155"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.230099"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2012.05.034"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2008.06.1274"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bulcan.2019.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000000670"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_9_2","first-page":"235","article-title":"Radiation-induced optic neuropathy: characteristic appearances on gadolinium-enhanced MR","volume":"13","author":"Hudgins PA","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hudgins PA, Newman NJ, Dillon WP, et al. 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