{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T16:28:32Z","timestamp":1779208112661,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Rare Tumors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas (LCNEC) are rare, aggressive high-grade neuroendocrine neoplasms within the neuroendocrine cell lineage spectrum. This manuscript provides a detailed review of published literature on LCNEC of gynecological origin. We performed a PubMed search for material available on gynecologic LCNEC. We analyzed 104 unique cases of gynecologic LCNECs, of which 45 were cervical primary, 45 were ovarian, 13 were uterine, and 1 was vaginal. A total of 45 cases of cervical LCNEC were identified with a median age of 36\u2009years. Median overall survival was 16\u2009months. We identified 45 ovarian LCNEC cases in the published literature with a median age of 54\u2009years. Median overall survival was 8\u2009months. 13 LCNEC cases of uterine origin were identified; 12 out of 13 were of endometrial origin and the median age was 71\u2009years. The majority of patients presented with Stage III\/IV disease (stages I\u2013IV were 31%, 8%, 38%, and 23%, respectively). Gynecologic LCNEC is an aggressive malignancy. Our current understanding of the disease biology is very limited. Efforts are required to better understand the genomic and molecular characterizations of gynecological LCNEC. These efforts will elucidate the underlying oncogenic pathways and driver mutations as potential targets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/2036361320968401","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,29]],"date-time":"2020-10-29T05:21:56Z","timestamp":1603948916000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Gynecologic large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma: A review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Grant","family":"Burkeen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4183-2116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aman","family":"Chauhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Oncology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA"},{"name":"Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rohitashva","family":"Agrawal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Oncology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Riva","family":"Raiker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jill","family":"Kolesar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lowell","family":"Anthony","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Oncology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA"},{"name":"Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B. Mark","family":"Evers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Arnold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Oncology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA"},{"name":"Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-2036361320968401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/gyno.1997.4899"},{"key":"bibr2-2036361320968401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2011.04.011"},{"key":"bibr3-2036361320968401","unstructured":"Albores-Saavedra J, Gersell D, Gilks CB, et al. Terminology of endocrine tumors of the uterine cervix: results of a workshop sponsored by the College of American Pathologists and the National Cancer Institute. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1997; 121(1): 34\u201339."},{"key":"bibr4-2036361320968401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4081\/rt.2011.e41"},{"key":"bibr5-2036361320968401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2013.04.027"},{"key":"bibr6-2036361320968401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2012.01.009"},{"key":"bibr7-2036361320968401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gynor.2013.12.001"},{"key":"bibr8-2036361320968401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0756.2007.00509.x"},{"key":"bibr9-2036361320968401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2011.325"},{"key":"bibr10-2036361320968401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dc.21343"},{"key":"bibr11-2036361320968401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0756.2008.00916.x"},{"key":"bibr12-2036361320968401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1438.2006.00194.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr13-2036361320968401","first-page":"77","volume":"30","author":"Frumovitz M.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncology (Williston Park)"},{"key":"bibr14-2036361320968401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2010.11.007"},{"key":"bibr15-2036361320968401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/gyno.2001.6254"},{"key":"bibr16-2036361320968401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-199708000-00004"},{"key":"bibr17-2036361320968401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PGP.0000071046.12278.D1"},{"key":"bibr18-2036361320968401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-008-0760-y"},{"key":"bibr19-2036361320968401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brachy.2016.08.007"},{"key":"bibr20-2036361320968401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/106689690000800214"},{"key":"bibr21-2036361320968401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02390091"},{"key":"bibr22-2036361320968401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2007.09.004"},{"key":"bibr23-2036361320968401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pas.0000213422.53750.d1"},{"key":"bibr24-2036361320968401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/mco.2017.1229"},{"key":"bibr25-2036361320968401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gore.2016.10.002"},{"key":"bibr26-2036361320968401","first-page":"69","volume":"15","author":"Li WW","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hong Kong Med J"},{"key":"bibr27-2036361320968401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/003130299105368"},{"key":"bibr28-2036361320968401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2005.07.022"},{"key":"bibr29-2036361320968401","first-page":"525","volume":"91","author":"Rhemtula H","year":"2001","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"bibr30-2036361320968401","first-page":"1439","volume":"39","author":"Tanimoto H","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gan To Kagaku Ryoho"},{"key":"bibr31-2036361320968401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4081\/rt.2012.e18"},{"key":"bibr32-2036361320968401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000084259"},{"key":"bibr33-2036361320968401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0b013e3181641b4f"},{"key":"bibr34-2036361320968401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4081\/rt.2012.e37"},{"key":"bibr35-2036361320968401","first-page":"107","volume":"31","author":"Brown KR","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Gynaecol Oncol"},{"key":"bibr36-2036361320968401","first-page":"977","volume":"54","author":"Niwa K","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Cytol"},{"key":"bibr37-2036361320968401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-003-0482-0"},{"key":"bibr38-2036361320968401","volume":"10","author":"Agarwal L","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"bibr39-2036361320968401","first-page":"667","volume":"63","author":"Cokmert S","year":"2014","journal-title":"West Indian Med J"},{"key":"bibr40-2036361320968401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7819-12-314"},{"key":"bibr41-2036361320968401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.12235"},{"key":"bibr42-2036361320968401","first-page":"120727","volume":"2012","author":"Shakuntala PN","year":"2012","journal-title":"Case Rep Oncol Med"},{"key":"bibr43-2036361320968401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2003.09.031"},{"key":"bibr44-2036361320968401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01443610902946903"},{"key":"bibr45-2036361320968401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0463.2007.apm_570.x"},{"key":"bibr46-2036361320968401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2006.11.008"},{"key":"bibr47-2036361320968401","volume":"115","author":"Eichhorn JH","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"bibr48-2036361320968401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2009.01.013"},{"key":"bibr49-2036361320968401","first-page":"304","volume":"2","author":"Draganova-Tacheva RA","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Pathol"},{"key":"bibr50-2036361320968401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PGP.0b013e31817fb419"},{"key":"bibr51-2036361320968401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004347-199604000-00012"},{"key":"bibr52-2036361320968401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pgp.0000139655.18062.12"},{"key":"bibr53-2036361320968401","first-page":"414","volume":"33","author":"Miyamoto M","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Gynaecol Oncol"},{"key":"bibr54-2036361320968401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2009.12.008"},{"key":"bibr55-2036361320968401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/pgp.0b013e31806219c5"},{"key":"bibr56-2036361320968401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1482.82942"}],"container-title":["Rare Tumors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2036361320968401","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/2036361320968401","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2036361320968401","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T23:10:21Z","timestamp":1777590621000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/2036361320968401"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"references-count":56,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/2036361320968401"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2036361320968401","relation":{},"ISSN":["2036-3613","2036-3613"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2036-3613","type":"print"},{"value":"2036-3613","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"article-number":"2036361320968401"}}