{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T09:09:54Z","timestamp":1778576994315,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Rare Tumors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) of the prostate is a rare and poorly characterized malignancy distinct from conventional prostatic adenocarcinoma. Due to its rarity, diagnostic challenges arise, often leading to misclassification and delayed management. Immunohistochemical markers such as Ki-67 proliferation index and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels may aid in distinguishing BCC from typical adenocarcinoma, but data remain limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This case series review study retrospectively analyzes published case reports and series spanning from 1988 to 2023 to evaluate Ki-67 staining patterns, PSA levels, and other immunohistochemical features to identify distinguishing characteristics of prostatic BCC. Data extracted included patient demographics, PSA levels at presentation, Ki-67 proliferation index values, and results of other immunohistochemical staining (i.e., PSA, P63).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the 24 BCC cases included in the final analysis, 20 reported PSA level at first presentation (mean: 2.56 ng\/mL, range 0.08-7.3 ng\/mL, normal range &lt;4), 15 reported PSA IHC staining, and only 13 reported Ki-67 percentage values obtained through primary tumor biopsy staining (mean: 46.88%, range 0-80%). In comparison, Ki-67 expression numbers from National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) for prostate adenocarcinoma report varied Ki-67 expressions between risk groups: low-risk patients averaged 5.1% \u00b1 3.8%, intermediate-risk patients averaged 7.4% \u00b1 6.8%, and high-risk patients averaged 12.0% \u00b1 12.4%. Various immunohistochemical staining was also collected yielding positive staining with Ki-67 in 13\/13 cases, HMWCK\/34\u03b2E12 in 14\/14 cases, P63 in 14\/14 cases, and BCL-2 in 12\/13 cases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective analysis suggests that prostatic BCC may be characterized by higher Ki-67 proliferation indices and lower PSA levels compared to typical prostatic adenocarcinoma. This review further explores and proposes the potential of combining Ki-67 and PSA assessments along with other biomarkers to aid in distinguishing BCC from conventional prostate cancers, facilitating earlier recognition and appropriate management of this rare malignancy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/20363613261450124","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]],"date-time":"2026-05-10T09:39:03Z","timestamp":1778405943000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Diagnostic utility of Ki-67 proliferation index, PSA, and other immunohistochemical markers in prostatic basal cell carcinoma: A review of 24 cases in the current literature and discussion on current treatment and diagnostics"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7742-0802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lister","family":"DeBinya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7285-6014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vivek","family":"Mathesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6962-0171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jue","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pas.0000213395.42075.86"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7819-11-193"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","first-page":"5520581","article-title":"A review leveraging a rare and unusual case of basal cell carcinoma of the prostate","volume":"2021","author":"He L","year":"2021","unstructured":"He L, Metter C, Margulis V, et al. 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