{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T03:27:17Z","timestamp":1788319637317,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3-4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,1]],"date-time":"2015-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1438387200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antivir Chem Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pro-inflammatory and oxidative events during brain Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection could lead to apoptosis and induce anti-inflammatory responses (increased expression of CD200). The aim of this study was to determine the effect of melatonin on brain apoptosis, oxidative stress, and CD200 molecule in mice and neuroblastoma cultures infected by Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mice were infected with 10 median lethal doses (LD<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>) of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, treated with melatonin (500\u2009\u00b5g\/kg\u2009bw; three days before infection and during all experimental time) and sacrificed on days 1, 3, and 5 postinfection. Brain samples were obtained at those periods of time. In addition, infected neuroblastoma cell cultures (multiplicity of infection [MOI]: 1) were treated with 0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1\u2009mM of melatonin and analyzed at 2, 4, and 6\u2009h. CD200 and apoptosis expressions were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and TUNEL assay, respectively. Nitrites and malondialdehyde were determined by appropriate biochemical methods.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Increased brain expression of apoptosis, nitrite, and malondialdehyde productions and CD200 of infected mice were found. Melatonin diminished those expressions. Similarly, high apoptosis expression and nitrite and malondialdehyde productions on infected neuroblastoma cultures were diminished by melatonin. Melatonin increased the survival rate (25%) in Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus-infected animals compared with untreated infected mice (0%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Neurological damage during brain Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection could be mediated by apoptosis and oxidative stress and CD200 molecule could be an important anti-inflammatory response. Melatonin could be beneficial reducing apoptosis and oxidative stress.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/2040206616660851","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,9]],"date-time":"2016-08-09T02:03:15Z","timestamp":1470708195000},"page":"99-108","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Melatonin decreases brain apoptosis, oxidative stress, and CD200 expression and increased survival rate in mice infected by Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Milagros","family":"Montiel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiologia, Escuela de Bioanalisis, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ernesto","family":"Bonilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Cl\u00ednicas \u201cDr. Am\u00e9rico Negrette,\u201d Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nereida","family":"Valero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Cl\u00ednicas \u201cDr. Am\u00e9rico Negrette,\u201d Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Mosquera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Cl\u00ednicas \u201cDr. Am\u00e9rico Negrette,\u201d Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luz M","family":"Espina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Cl\u00ednicas \u201cDr. Am\u00e9rico Negrette,\u201d Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasmir","family":"Quiroz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas (IVIC), Maracaibo, Venezuela"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melchor","family":"\u00c1lvarez-Mon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Enfermedades Inmunitarias y Oncolog\u00eda, Hospital \u201cPr\u00edncipe de Asturias,\u201d Universidad de Alcal\u00e1, Madrid, Espa\u00f1a"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-2040206616660851","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2001.0878"},{"key":"bibr2-2040206616660851","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.49.061802.123422"},{"key":"bibr3-2040206616660851","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s000180050051"},{"key":"bibr4-2040206616660851","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022897314108"},{"key":"bibr5-2040206616660851","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(02)90121-5"},{"key":"bibr6-2040206616660851","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2006.00381.x"},{"key":"bibr7-2040206616660851","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2015.06.034"},{"key":"bibr8-2040206616660851","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valero N, Mele\u00e1n E, Bonilla E, et\u00a0al. 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