{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T17:37:46Z","timestamp":1791999466252,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013891","name":"Parkinson Vereniging","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["not applicable"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["not applicable"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013891","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Inhaled levodopa may quickly resolve off periods in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Our aim was to determine the pharmacokinetics and tolerability of a new levodopa dry-powder inhaler.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A single-centre, single-ascending, single-dose\u2013response study was performed. Over three visits, eight Parkinson\u2019s disease patients (not in the \u2018off state\u2019) received by inhalation 30 mg or 60\u2009mg levodopa, or their regular oral levodopa. Maximum levodopa plasma concentration ( C\n                      <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), time to maximum plasma concentration (T\n                      <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) and area under the concentration time curve 0\u2013180\u2009min were determined. Spirometry was performed three times at each visit.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      After inhalation, levodopa T\n                      <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                      occurred within 15\u2009min in all participants, whereas after oral administration, T\n                      <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                      ranged from 20 min to 90\u2009min. The bioavailability of inhaled levodopa without carboxylase inhibitor was 53% relative to oral levodopa with carboxylase inhibitor. No change in lung-function parameters was observed and none of the patients experienced cough or dyspnoea. No correlation was observed between inhalation parameters and levodopa pharmacokinetic parameters.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Inhaled levodopa is well tolerated, absorbed faster than oral levodopa, and can be robustly administered over a range of inhalation flow profiles. It therefore appears suitable for the treatment of off periods in Parkinson\u2019s disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/2040622319857617","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,21]],"date-time":"2019-06-21T07:53:28Z","timestamp":1561103608000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of inhaled levodopa from a new dry-powder inhaler in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Marianne","family":"Luinstra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Martini Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wijnand","family":"Rutgers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Martini Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teus","family":"van Laar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0897-5673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Floris","family":"Grasmeijer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen 9713 AV, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anja","family":"Begeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valmira","family":"Isufi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luc","family":"Steenhuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Martini Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Hagedoorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"de Boer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henderik W.","family":"Frijlink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-2040622319857617","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10140"},{"key":"bibr2-2040622319857617","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26424"},{"key":"bibr3-2040622319857617","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27372"},{"key":"bibr4-2040622319857617","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2012.11.020"},{"key":"bibr5-2040622319857617","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2012.05.010"},{"key":"bibr6-2040622319857617","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/187152711797247885"},{"key":"bibr7-2040622319857617","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S32302"},{"key":"bibr8-2040622319857617","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2005.11.016"},{"key":"bibr9-2040622319857617","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.8.16.2799"},{"key":"bibr10-2040622319857617","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200721080-00005"},{"key":"bibr11-2040622319857617","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1989.tb03506.x"},{"key":"bibr12-2040622319857617","volume":"11","author":"Nutt 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