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Emphysema results from the breakdown of lung matrix elastin by proteases, including neutrophil elastase, a protease normally inhibited by AAT. AATD also predisposes to liver (cirrhosis) and skin (panniculitis) disease, and to vasculitis. The prevalence of AATD is estimated to be approximately 1 in 3,500 individuals in the United States. However, lack of awareness of AATD among some physicians, misperceptions regarding the absence of effective therapy, and the close overlap in symptoms with asthma and non-AATD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are thought to contribute to under-recognition of the disease. In patients with AATD, treatment with intravenous AAT augmentation therapy is the only currently available treatment known to slow the progression of emphysema. Moreover, smoking cessation and other lifestyle interventions also help improve outcomes. Early diagnosis and intervention are of key importance due to the irreversible nature of the resultant emphysema. Liver disease is the second leading cause of death among patients with AATD and a minority of patients present with panniculitis or antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis, thought to be directly related to AATD. Though no randomized trial has assessed the effectiveness of augmentation therapy for AATD-associated panniculitis, clinical experience and case series suggest there is a benefit. Other diseases putatively linked to AATD include aneurysmal disease and multiple neurological conditions, although these associations remain speculative in nature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/2040622321995691","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]],"date-time":"2021-07-30T02:11:09Z","timestamp":1627611069000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["The spectrum of clinical sequelae associated with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"12_suppl","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2100-6148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vickram","family":"Tejwani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonary and Critical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James K.","family":"Stoller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Education Institute, NA22, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-2040622321995691","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.168.7.818"},{"key":"bibr2-2040622321995691","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00610-2017"},{"key":"bibr3-2040622321995691","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1309648110"},{"key":"bibr4-2040622321995691","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201108-1428CI"},{"key":"bibr5-2040622321995691","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2016.04.011"},{"key":"bibr6-2040622321995691","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2011-201321"},{"key":"bibr7-2040622321995691","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(78)80388-6"},{"key":"bibr8-2040622321995691","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/140.4.961"},{"key":"bibr9-2040622321995691","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S125389"},{"key":"bibr10-2040622321995691","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.07-1001"},{"key":"bibr11-2040622321995691","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00171-2018"},{"key":"bibr12-2040622321995691","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.06555"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr13-2040622321995691","first-page":"13","volume":"12","author":"Huang YCT","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ther Adv Chronic Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr14-2040622321995691","first-page":"25","volume":"12","author":"Patel D","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ther Adv Chronic Dis"},{"key":"bibr15-2040622321995691","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.111.2.394"},{"key":"bibr16-2040622321995691","first-page":"322","volume":"55","author":"Taliercio RM","year":"2010","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"key":"bibr17-2040622321995691","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-016-0222-4"},{"key":"bibr18-2040622321995691","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.15.1458"},{"key":"bibr19-2040622321995691","first-page":"999","volume":"11","author":"Barrecheguren M","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"key":"bibr20-2040622321995691","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1753465815602162"},{"key":"bibr21-2040622321995691","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000088061"},{"key":"bibr22-2040622321995691","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.53.4.265"},{"key":"bibr23-2040622321995691","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-11-44"},{"key":"bibr24-2040622321995691","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.162.2.9907117"},{"key":"bibr25-2040622321995691","unstructured":"Stoller JK, Hupertz V, Aboussouan LS. 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