{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T19:25:02Z","timestamp":1789500302876,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003675","name":"Korea Environment Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GP2020-11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GP2020-11"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003675","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100024838","name":"Samsung Medical Center","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["SMX1210831"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SMX1210831"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100024838","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2021R1A2C2093987"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2021R1A2C2093987"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Evidence on whether long-term exposure to air pollution increases the mortality risk in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We aimed to investigate the associations of long-term exposure to particulate matter with diameter &lt;10\u2009\u00b5m (PM\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) and nitrogen dioxide (NO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) with overall and disease-specific mortality in COPD patients.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a nationwide retrospective cohort study of 121,423 adults \u2a7e40\u2009years diagnosed with COPD during 1 January to 31 December 2009.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Exposure to PM\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      and NO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      was estimated for residential location using the ordinary kriging method. We estimated the risk of overall mortality associated with 1-, 3-, and 5-years average concentrations of PM\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      and NO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      using Cox proportional hazards models and disease-specific mortality using the Fine and Gray method adjusted for age, sex, income, body mass index, smoking, comorbidities, and exacerbation history.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for overall mortality associated with a 10\u2009\u00b5g\/m\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      increase in 1-year PM\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      and NO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      exposures were 1.004 [95% confidence interval (CI)\u2009=\u20090.985, 1.023] and 0.993 (95% CI\u2009=\u20090.984, 1.002), respectively. The results were similar for 3- and 5-year exposures. For a 10-\u00b5g\/m\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      increase in 1-year PM\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      and NO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      exposures, the adjusted HRs for chronic lower airway disease mortality were 1.068 (95% CI\u2009=\u20091.024, 1.113) and 1.029 (95% CI\u2009=\u20091.009, 1.050), respectively. In stratified analyses, exposures to PM\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      and NO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      were associated with overall mortality in patients who were underweight and had a history of severe exacerbation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this large population-based study of patients with COPD, long-term PM\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      and NO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      exposures were not associated with overall mortality but were associated with chronic lower airway disease mortality. PM\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      and NO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      exposures were both associated with an increased risk of overall mortality in underweight individuals and those with a history of severe exacerbation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/20406223231176175","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]],"date-time":"2023-06-06T16:56:44Z","timestamp":1686070604000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Air pollution and mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a cohort study in South Korea"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Suna","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Environment Institute, Sicheong-daero, Sejong, South Korea"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Research Design and Evaluation, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun Soo","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine, and Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jihwan","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine, and Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danbee","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research Design and Evaluation, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea"},{"name":"Center for Clinical Epidemiology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyunsoo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical Epidemiology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea"},{"name":"Department of Digital Health, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research Design and Evaluation, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea"},{"name":"Center for Clinical Epidemiology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Woojin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Environmental Health Center, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung-Won","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Environment Institute, Sejong, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eliseo","family":"Guallar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine, and Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juhee","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research Design and Evaluation, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, South Korea"},{"name":"Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine, and Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA"},{"name":"Center for Clinical Epidemiology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea"},{"name":"Department of Digital Health, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5937-9671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hye Yun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research Design and Evaluation, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea"},{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-20406223231176175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(17)30293-X"},{"key":"bibr2-20406223231176175","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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