{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T07:07:10Z","timestamp":1777878430338,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The pathogenesis of post-COVID interstitial lung disease, marked by lung tissue scarring and functional decline, remains largely unknown.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We aimed to elucidate the temporal cytokine\/chemokine changes in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) from patients with post-COVID interstitial lung disease to uncover potential immune drivers of pulmonary complications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We evaluated 16 females diagnosed with post-COVID interstitial lung disease, originating from moderate to severe cases during the second epidemic wave in the Autumn of 2020, treated at the Pneumology Department of the Arad County Clinical Hospital, Romania. Their inflammatory response over time was compared to a control group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 48 BAL samples were collected over three intervals (1, 3, and 6\u2009months) and underwent cytology, gene, and protein expression analyses for pro\/anti-inflammatory lung cytokines and chemokines using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One month after infection, there were significant increases in the levels of IL-6 and IL-8. These levels decreased gradually over the course of 6\u2009months but were still higher than those seen in control. Interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha exhibited similar patterns. Persistent elevations were found in IL-10, IL-13, and pro-fibrotic M2 macrophages\u2019 chemokines (CCL13 and CCL18) for 6\u2009months. Furthermore, pronounced neutrophilia was observed at 1\u2009month post-COVID, highlighting persistent inflammation and lung damage. Neutrophil efferocytosis, aiding inflammation resolution and tissue repair, was evident at the 1-month time interval. A notable time-dependent reduction in CD28 was also noticed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our research provides insight into the immunological processes that may lead to the fibrotic changes noted in the lungs following COVID-19.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/20406223241236257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,30]],"date-time":"2024-03-30T08:53:26Z","timestamp":1711788806000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Dynamic shifts in lung cytokine patterns in post-COVID-19 interstitial lung disease patients: a pilot study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Daniela","family":"Oatis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVasile Goldis\u201d Western University of Arad, Arad, Romania"},{"name":"Multidisciplinary Doctoral School, \u201cVasile Goldis\u201d Western University of Arad, Arad, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hildegard","family":"Herman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cAurel Ardelean\u201d Institute of Life Sciences, \u201cVasile Goldis\u201d Western University of Arad, Arad, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cornel","family":"Balta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cAurel Ardelean\u201d Institute of Life Sciences, \u201cVasile Goldis\u201d Western University of Arad, Arad, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alina","family":"Ciceu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cAurel Ardelean\u201d Institute of Life Sciences, \u201cVasile Goldis\u201d Western University of Arad, Arad, 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Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Consiglia","family":"Trotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonietta Gerarda","family":"Gravina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Precision Medicine and Complex Operative Unit of Hepatogastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, University Hospital, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, Naples, 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