{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T18:30:00Z","timestamp":1790361000136,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Swedish Foundation for Humanities and Social Sciences","award":["M14-0375:1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M14-0375:1"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018-01603"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-01603"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["i-Perception"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of oral contraceptives (OC) in the form of a hormonal pill has been widespread for decades. Despite its popularity and long-time use, there is still much ambiguity and anecdotal reports about a range of potential side effects. Here, we addressed the potential effect of OC use on chemosensory perception. Previous research has almost exclusively focused on olfaction, but we expanded this to the trigeminal system and the sense of taste. We used Bayesian statistics to compare the olfactory, trigeminal, and taste detection abilities between a group of 34 normal cycling women and a group of 26 women using OC. Our results indicated that odor, trigeminal, and taste thresholds were not affected by the use of OC. Moreover, neither odor perception, nor taste perception was affected; all with Bayes factors consistently favoring the null hypothesis. The only exception to these results was odor identification where Bayes factors indicated inconclusive evidence. We conclude that effects of OC use on chemosensory perception are unlikely, and if present, likely are of no to little behavioral relevance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/2041669520983339","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]],"date-time":"2021-02-02T00:17:57Z","timestamp":1612225077000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["No Evidence That Hormonal Contraceptives Affect Chemosensory Perception"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2942-9962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Schaefer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Behzad","family":"Iravani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2282-5903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artin","family":"Arshamian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; G\u00f6sta Ekman Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johan N.","family":"Lundstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States; Stockholm University Brain Imaging Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-2041669520983339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2019.05.002"},{"key":"bibr2-2041669520983339","author":"Bhatia S.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"bibr3-2041669520983339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00067"},{"key":"bibr4-2041669520983339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/16.11.2288"},{"key":"bibr5-2041669520983339","unstructured":"Cooper D. B., Adigun R. (2018).\n                      Oral contraceptive pills\n                      . StatPearls Publishing. http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK430882\/"},{"key":"bibr6-2041669520983339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjs084"},{"key":"bibr7-2041669520983339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00781"},{"key":"bibr8-2041669520983339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0018-506X(80)90010-0"},{"key":"bibr9-2041669520983339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2009.02.032"},{"key":"bibr10-2041669520983339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1998.tb10663.x"},{"key":"bibr11-2041669520983339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003081"},{"key":"bibr12-2041669520983339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12078-019-09273-9"},{"key":"bibr13-2041669520983339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146"},{"key":"bibr14-2041669520983339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691612459059"},{"key":"bibr15-2041669520983339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhl135"},{"key":"bibr16-2041669520983339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2011.12.004"},{"key":"bibr17-2041669520983339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/21.3.323"},{"key":"bibr18-2041669520983339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348940111000816"},{"key":"bibr19-2041669520983339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2010.06.010"},{"key":"bibr20-2041669520983339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/22.1.39"},{"key":"bibr21-2041669520983339","unstructured":"Inkscape Project. 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Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198503682.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr26-2041669520983339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/18.1.101"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr27-2041669520983339","first-page":"222","volume":"34","author":"Kobal G.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"bibr28-2041669520983339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01954845"},{"key":"bibr29-2041669520983339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0167520"},{"key":"bibr30-2041669520983339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200410000-00017"},{"key":"bibr31-2041669520983339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/22.6.623"},{"key":"bibr32-2041669520983339","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Larsson M. (2002). Odor memory: A memory systems approach. In C. Rouby, B. Schaal, D. Dubois, R. Gervais, & A. Holley (Eds.),\n                      Olfaction, taste, and cognition\n                      (pp. 231\u2013245). Cambridge University Press. https:\/\/books.google.nl\/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Zpc2HbWbgTIC&oi=fnd&pg=PA231&dq=Odor+memory:+a+memory+systems+approach&ots=SQ3drdSIg5&sig=OYkimtmdezgZAEnGwMXDvbzNUBU","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511546389.021"},{"key":"bibr33-2041669520983339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/138255890968385"},{"key":"bibr34-2041669520983339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00312"},{"key":"bibr35-2041669520983339","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lundstr\u00f6m J. N., Gordon A. R., Wise P., Frasnelli J. (2012).  Individual differences in the chemical senses: Is there a common sensitivity?\n                      Chemical Senses\n                      ,  37(4), 371\u2013378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/chemse\/bjr114","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjr114"},{"key":"bibr36-2041669520983339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2005.07.001"},{"key":"bibr37-2041669520983339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/anre-2014-0024"},{"key":"bibr38-2041669520983339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2007.06.008"},{"key":"bibr39-2041669520983339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjh040"},{"key":"bibr40-2041669520983339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2004.10.003"},{"key":"bibr41-2041669520983339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2005.07.022"},{"key":"bibr42-2041669520983339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2005.06.028"},{"key":"bibr43-2041669520983339","unstructured":"R Core Team. (2018).\n                      R: A language and environment for statistical computing\n                      . R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/"},{"key":"bibr44-2041669520983339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2013.01.001"},{"key":"bibr45-2041669520983339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2008.0825"},{"key":"bibr46-2041669520983339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(98)70047-X"},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr47-2041669520983339","first-page":"355","volume":"40","author":"Rosenberg M. J.","year":"1995","journal-title":"The Journal of Reproductive Medicine"},{"key":"bibr48-2041669520983339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmp.2012.08.001"},{"key":"bibr49-2041669520983339","author":"Rouder J. 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(2018).\n                      World contraceptive use 2018\n                      ."},{"key":"bibr53-2041669520983339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-017-1343-3"},{"key":"bibr54-2041669520983339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2014.03.015"},{"key":"bibr55-2041669520983339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1995.0087"},{"key":"bibr56-2041669520983339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/84.2.419"},{"key":"bibr57-2041669520983339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8317.1965.tb00689.x"},{"key":"bibr58-2041669520983339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-98141-3"},{"key":"bibr59-2041669520983339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03194788"},{"key":"bibr60-2041669520983339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15428119791012342"},{"key":"bibr61-2041669520983339","volume":"11","author":"Schaefer M.","year":"2021","journal-title":"i-Perception"}],"container-title":["i-Perception"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2041669520983339","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/2041669520983339","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2041669520983339","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T11:28:09Z","timestamp":1777462089000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/2041669520983339"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/2041669520983339"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2041669520983339","relation":{},"ISSN":["2041-6695","2041-6695"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2041-6695","type":"print"},{"value":"2041-6695","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"article-number":"2041669520983339"}}