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Building-blocks for a hybrid scaffold device of hydrogel and functionalized polycaprolactone were manufactured by 3D-(bio)printing. Pseudoislet formation from INS-1 cells after bioprinting resulted in a viable and proliferative experimental model. Transcriptomics showed an upregulation of proliferative and \u00df-cell-specific signaling cascades, downregulation of apoptotic pathways, overexpression of extracellular matrix proteins, and VEGF induced by pseudoislet formation and 3D-culture. Co-culture with endothelial cells created a natural cellular niche with enhanced insulin secretion after glucose stimulation. Survival and function of pseudoislets after explantation and extensive scaffold vascularization of both hydrogel and heparinized polycaprolactone were demonstrated in vivo. Computer simulations of oxygen, glucose and insulin flows were used to evaluate scaffold architectures and Langerhans islets at a future perivascular transplantation site.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/20417314221091033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,20]],"date-time":"2022-04-20T07:49:39Z","timestamp":1650440979000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Toward 3D-bioprinting of an endocrine pancreas: A building-block concept for bioartificial insulin-secreting tissue"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Gabriel A","family":"Salg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Poisel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General, Visceral 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