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However, high variability among existing\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      BSCB models severely limits their predictive power for preclinical research, highlighting the need for a comprehensive synthesis of current model characteristics and performance.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We first reviewed\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      BSCB models under SCI conditions and conducted a comprehensive meta-analysis of mainstream Transwell-based models. The synthesis systematically analyzed critical factors influencing model performance, including cell types, disease modeling strategies (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">e.g.,<\/jats:italic>\n                      hypoxic culture, inflammatory stimuli, oxidative stress), and the inclusion of biomaterial matrices. The meta-analysis quantified differences in key BSCB properties, including permeability, transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER), and junctional\/inflammatory protein expression, across healthy, diseased, and treatment contexts.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The synthesis identified cell composition, disease induction methods, and biomaterial matrix inclusion as core factors determining the ability of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      BSCB models to replicate physiological and pathological characteristics. Meta-analysis results revealed significant quantitative differences among three types of BSCB models. Specifically, disease models exhibited consistently higher permeability (measured via FITC-dextran) and lower mean TEER values (97.94 \u03a9\u00b7cm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) compared to healthy models (183.73 \u03a9\u00b7cm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) and treatment groups (146.28 \u03a9\u00b7cm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ). Additionally, co-culturing BSCB endothelial cells with glial cells or pericytes was demonstrated to significantly enhance the physiological relevance of the models.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This review consolidates critical insights into\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      BSCB model design and performance, providing a clear framework for developing more accurate and reliable models. These findings will facilitate the development of effective therapeutic interventions capable of crossing the BSCB, addressing a key bottleneck in mechanistic research and therapeutic development for treating SCI and other neurological diseases.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/20417314261467659","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T18:01:28Z","timestamp":1785952888000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["<i>In vitro<\/i>\n                    models of blood-spinal cord barrier in spinal cord injury: A meta-analysis of model design, performance, and physiological relevance"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yuwei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong"},{"name":"InnoHK Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Songlin","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong"},{"name":"InnoHK Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiting","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong"},{"name":"InnoHK Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peixi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong"},{"name":"InnoHK Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4153-4984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liangbin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong"},{"name":"InnoHK Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hengxing","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"InnoHK Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheung-Wai","family":"Law","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"InnoHK Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick Shu-Hang","family":"Yung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"InnoHK Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong"},{"name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiqing","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rocky S.","family":"Tuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong"},{"name":"InnoHK Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong"},{"name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6009-629X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhong Alan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong"},{"name":"InnoHK Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong"},{"name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","volume-title":"(WHO), W.H.O. 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