{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T21:54:12Z","timestamp":1793224452596,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,1]],"date-time":"2012-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1354320000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vitamin D deficiency has been implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, such as diabetes mellitus type 1 and multiple sclerosis. Reduced vitamin D intake has been linked to increased susceptibility to the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and vitamin D deficiency has been found to be associated with disease activity in patients with RA. The objective was to evaluate vitamin D status in patients with RA and to assess the relationship between vitamin D levels and disease activity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In a cohort of 44 patients with RA, 25-hydroxyvitamin D\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      [25(OH)D\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      ] levels, parathyroid hormone levels, C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were measured. Disease activity was evaluated by calculating the 28-joint Disease Activity Score (DAS28). A control group ( n = 44), matched for age and sex, was evaluated as well.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In the cohort of 44 patients with RA 25(OH)D\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      levels were found to be low compared with the control group, 25(OH)D\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      being 15.26 \u00b1 1.07 ng\/ml [mean \u00b1 standard error of the mean (SEM)] and 25.8 \u00b1 1.6 ng\/ml in the patient and control group respectively (Student\u2019s t test, p &lt; 0.001). Parathyroid hormone levels were 71.08 \u00b1 7.02 pg\/ml (mean \u00b1 SEM) (normal values 10.0\u201365.0 pg\/ml), CRP 7.6 \u00b1 1.57 mg\/litre (mean \u00b1 SEM) (normal values &lt; 3 mg\/litre) and ESR was 38.0 \u00b1 4.6 mm\/h (mean \u00b1 SEM) in the group of patients with RA. Levels of 25(OH)D\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      were found to be negatively correlated to the DAS28, the correlation coefficient being \u22120.084. Levels of 25(OH)D\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      were also found to be negatively correlated to CRP and ESR, the correlation coefficient being \u20130.115 and \u22120.18, respectively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>It appears that vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent in patients with RA, and that vitamin D deficiency may be linked to disease severity in RA. As vitamin D deficiency has been linked to diffuse musculoskeletal pain, these results have therapeutic implications. Vitamin D supplementation may be needed both for the prevention of osteoporosis as well as for pain relief in patients with RA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/2042018812471070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,21]],"date-time":"2012-12-21T10:43:34Z","timestamp":1356086614000},"page":"181-187","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":111,"title":["Vitamin D and rheumatoid arthritis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Ifigenia","family":"Kostoglou-Athanassiou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Red Cross Hospital, 7 Korinthias Street, 115 26 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Athanassiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, St Paul\u2019s Hospital, Thessaloniki, 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