{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T09:05:46Z","timestamp":1792919146535,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750982400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750982400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Sinocare Diabetes Foundation","award":["2024SD09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024SD09"]}]},{"name":"the Noncommunicable Chronic DiseasesNational Science and Technology Major Project","award":["2023ZD0509100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZD0509100"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Practice of Open-source Android artificial pancreas systems (AAPS) among Chinese patients is increasing, but data on their effectiveness is lacking.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study evaluates the effectiveness of AAPS compared with sensor-augmented pump (SAP) therapy among people with type 1 diabetes (T1D) in China.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A real-world, case-control study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted this study among patients with T1D who had used AAPS or SAP therapy for &gt;3\u2009months. Propensity score matching (1:1) based on onset age, duration, gender, and baseline tight glucose range (time in the tight glucose range (TITR) 70\u2013140\u2009mg\/dL) was performed. Key glycemic outcomes were analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      One hundred forty-two T1D people using AAPS and 142 matched people receiving SAP therapy were included (56.00% female). Age and duration of T1D were 26.40 (interquartile range (IQR) 11.30\u201334.70) and 3.20 (IQR 0.87\u20139.12)\u2009years, respectively. Baseline TITR and time in the target glucose range (TIR) of 70\u2013180\u2009mg\/dL were 57.10\u2009\u00b1\u200918.30% and 79.30% (IQR 68.50\u201388.30), respectively. After 3\u2009months, the AAPS group had better TITR (60.52\u2009\u00b1\u200914.57% vs 56.20\u2009\u00b1\u200917.22%, adjusted difference, 3.91%;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) and TIR (79.12\u2009\u00b1\u200911.24% vs 77.37% (IQR 64.51\u201385.87), adjusted difference, 3.42%;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) compared with the control group. In addition, time in hypoglycemia was shorter in the AAPS group than in the control group during the study (4.05% (IQR 2.52\u20136.78) vs 5.68% (IQR 2.69\u201310.11); adjusted difference, \u22121.17%;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Stratified analysis showed females, with a baseline glucose management indicator (GMI)\u2009&lt;\u20097% and those aged over 18\u2009years benefit more in the AAPS group. After adjusting for age, gender, duration of T1D, and baseline GMI, logistic regression analysis showed the AAPS group had a higher percentage of TITR improvement &gt;5% than that in the control group (odds ratio\u2009=\u20091.73, 95% confidence interval (1.03, 2.92),\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>AAPS is associated with significant improvements in glycemic control, without increasing hypoglycemia, compared to SAP therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  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