{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T19:03:50Z","timestamp":1789499030682,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,26]],"date-time":"2018-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1524700800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009871","name":"AcelRx Pharmaceuticals","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this study was to determine the current magnitude and characteristics of intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IV-PCA) errors, and to identify opportunities for improving the PCA modality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a descriptive analysis of IV-PCA medication errors submitted to the MEDMARX database. Events were restricted to those occurring in inpatient hospital settings between 1 January 2005 and 31 December 2015. IV-PCA errors were classified by error category, cause of error, error type, level of care rendered, and actions taken.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 1948 IV-PCA errors were identified as potential errors (3.9%), nonharmful errors (89.5%), or harmful errors (6.7%) based on the National Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention taxonomy for categorizing medication errors. Of these, 19.1% required a clinical intervention to address the deleterious effects of the error, indicating an underestimation of the risks associated with IV-PCA errors. The most frequent types of errors were improper dose\/quantity (43.2%) and omission errors (19.9%). While human performance deficit was the leading cause of error (50.2%), other common causes included failure to follow procedure and protocol (42.2%) and improper use of the pump (22.7%). Although remedial actions were often taken to prevent error recurrence, actions were taken to rectify the systemic deficits that led to errors in only a minority of cases (11.8%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Preventable errors continue to pose unnecessary risks to patients receiving IV-PCA. Multimodal analgesic regimens and novel PCA systems that reduce human error are needed to prevent errors while preserving the advantages of PCA for the management of acute pain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/2042098618773013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,27]],"date-time":"2018-04-27T02:52:51Z","timestamp":1524797571000},"page":"389-404","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Medication errors involving intravenous patient-controlled analgesia: results from the 2005\u20132015 MEDMARX database"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Maitreyee","family":"Mohanty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Analgesic Solutions Wayland, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4466-6675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oluwadolapo D.","family":"Lawal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Analgesic Solutions Wayland, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8047-1018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margie","family":"Skeer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Lanier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Analgesic Solutions Wayland, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathalie","family":"Erpelding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Analgesic Solutions Wayland, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6354-007X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathaniel","family":"Katz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Analgesic Solutions, LLC, 321 Commonwealth Road, Suite 204, Wayland, MA 01778, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-2042098618773013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McNicol ED, Ferguson MC, Hudcova J. Patient controlled opioid analgesia versus non-patient controlled opioid analgesia for postoperative pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; 6, http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com.ezproxy.bu.edu\/doi\/10.1002\/14651858.CD003348.pub3\/pdf (accessed 8 June 2017).","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003348.pub3"},{"key":"bibr2-2042098618773013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1310\/hpj4404-312"},{"key":"bibr3-2042098618773013","first-page":"311","volume":"6","author":"Palmer P","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Outcomes Res CEOR"},{"key":"bibr4-2042098618773013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0952-8180(93)90013-5"},{"key":"bibr5-2042098618773013","first-page":"CD003348","volume":"4","author":"Hudcova J","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"bibr6-2042098618773013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000281442.36582.81"},{"key":"bibr7-2042098618773013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00115550-200803000-00010"},{"key":"bibr8-2042098618773013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NAN.0b013e31825af099"},{"key":"bibr9-2042098618773013","first-page":"CD007798","author":"Webster J","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"bibr10-2042098618773013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2007.05180.x"},{"key":"bibr11-2042098618773013","unstructured":"Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health Care Organizations. Sentinel event alert: patient-controlled analgesia by proxy [Online], www.jointcommission.org\/sentinel_event_alert_issue_33_patient_controlled_analgesia_by_proxy\/ (2004, accessed 8 June 2017)."},{"key":"bibr12-2042098618773013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jopan.2003.11.007"},{"key":"bibr13-2042098618773013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jopan.2007.08.002"},{"key":"bibr14-2042098618773013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2146\/ajhp070194"},{"key":"bibr15-2042098618773013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2146\/ajhp060220"},{"key":"bibr16-2042098618773013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1553-7250(12)38015-X"},{"key":"bibr17-2042098618773013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200932070-00002"},{"key":"bibr18-2042098618773013","first-page":"HSE28","volume":"148","author":"Santell JP","year":"2004","journal-title":"Drug Top"},{"key":"bibr19-2042098618773013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0091270003254831"},{"key":"bibr20-2042098618773013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2013.12.001"},{"key":"bibr21-2042098618773013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/qshc.2004.011957"},{"key":"bibr22-2042098618773013","first-page":"430","volume":"33","author":"JCAHO\u2019s National Patient Safety Goal for infusion pump free-flow protection: ECRI\u2019s assessment of the protection offered by general-purpose, PCA, and ambulatory pumps","year":"2004","journal-title":"Health Devices"},{"key":"bibr23-2042098618773013","unstructured":"Center for Devices and Radiological Health. 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NCC MERP, www.nccmerp.org\/types-medication-errors (2014, accessed 8 June 2017)."},{"key":"bibr27-2042098618773013","first-page":"493","author":"Nebeker JR","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc AMIA Symp"},{"key":"bibr28-2042098618773013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2018.1442431"},{"key":"bibr29-2042098618773013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03530010049034"},{"key":"bibr30-2042098618773013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03530010043033"},{"key":"bibr31-2042098618773013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajhp\/62.5.530"},{"key":"bibr32-2042098618773013","unstructured":"Maddox RR, Danello S, Williams CK, et al, et al. Intravenous infusion safety initiative: collaboration, evidence-based best practices, and \u201csmart\u201d technology help avert high-risk adverse drug events and improve patient outcomes. In: Henriksen K, Battles JB, Keyes MA, et al, et al. (eds) Advances in patient safety: new directions and alternative approaches (Vol. 4: Technology and Medication Safety). Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK43752\/ (2008, accessed 8 June 2017)."},{"key":"bibr33-2042098618773013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001857870203701112"},{"key":"bibr34-2042098618773013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005110-200410000-00001"},{"key":"bibr35-2042098618773013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajhp\/61.2.177"},{"key":"bibr36-2042098618773013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006216-200501000-00013"},{"key":"bibr37-2042098618773013","unstructured":"Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health Care Organizations. 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